Inflammation and Immune Response Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of fluid accumulation in tissues during inflammation?

To reduce the pH and dilute toxins. (correct)

To concentrate toxins at the site of injury.

To prevent capillary pore opening.

To promote microbial growth.

Which of the following is NOT a classic external sign of inflammation?

Tumor (swelling).

Rubor (redness).

Pallor (paleness). (correct)

Calor (heat).

What is the primary component of a transudate?

Watery filtrate of blood. (correct)

Cellular debris and microbial organisms.

Protein-rich filtrate of blood.

Thick, fibrin-rich fluid.

Purulent exudate is characterized by its high concentration of which component?

Proteins, WBCs, microbial organisms, cellular debris. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an accumulation of fluid in a body cavity due to inflammatory or noninflammatory processes?

Effusion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when chemical signals attract WBCs to the site of injury?

Chemotaxis. Signup and view all the answers

What event is described by `leukocytosis` during inflammation?

The release of increased numbers of WBCs from bone marrow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between serous and sanguineous exudate?

Serous is clear and watery, while sanguineous contains blood. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is also known as a polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)?

Neutrophil Signup and view all the answers

What are the immature forms of neutrophils referred to as?

Bands or stabs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a granulocyte?

Lymphocyte Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which neutrophils engulf and destroy foreign matter called?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

During phagocytosis, what are the extensions of the cytoplasm that surround foreign matter?

Pseudopods Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the structure that contains engulfed foreign matter inside a phagocyte?

Phagosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the free radicals released during a respiratory burst in neutrophils?

Disrupting microbial membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of C-reactive protein (CRP)?

Marking foreign material for phagocytosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is measured using a white blood cell (WBC) differential?

The different types and percentages of WBCs Signup and view all the answers

An elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) primarily indicates which of the following conditions?

An active inflammatory process. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological process is associated with prolonged secretion of serum amyloid A?

Chronic inflammation resulting in amyloidosis. Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory test is used as a biomarker for increased risk of myocardial infarction in patients with coronary artery disease?

High sensitivity CRP. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increased level of hepcidin in the bloodstream have?

Diminished iron storage which leads to anemia. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effect of the inflammatory mediator substance P?

Pain, hypotension, and increased vascular permeability. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of platelet-activating factor in the inflammatory response?

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. Signup and view all the answers

Fibrinogen's role in blood is best described as

binding to red blood cells and causing them to stack. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of phospholipase in the inflammatory process?

To break down phospholipids into arachidonic acid. Signup and view all the answers

How do NSAIDs mitigate inflammation?

By preventing the breakdown of arachidonic acid and inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 pathways. Signup and view all the answers

Which prostaglandins are considered ‘good PGs’ and what are their beneficial roles?

PG1, enhancing gastric mucus production, renal perfusion, and platelet aggregation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific action of COX-2 inhibitors in managing inflammation?

They inhibit the production of only PG2 prostaglandins. Signup and view all the answers

How do TNF inhibitors and IL inhibitors reduce inflammation?

By inhibiting the production of TNF alpha and interleukins. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an accurate description of chemokines?

They are proteins that attract leukocytes to the site of injury. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of acute phase proteins in the body's inflammatory response?

To assist in phagocytosis of microbes and facilitate the analysis of inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of cytokines?

They modulate inflammatory responses by either amplifying or deactivating the process. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which medications reduce fever?

Inhibiting prostaglandin (PG) formation Signup and view all the answers

Why should children and adolescents avoid aspirin or salicylate-containing products when they have a fever?

They have been linked to Reye's syndrome in young people with viral infections. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological process causes the sensation of chills during the onset of a fever?

Blood vessels constricting and muscles shivering to generate heat. Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological response that occurs as a fever is resolving and the hypothalamic temperature returns to normal?

Vasodilation and intense sweating (diaphoresis) Signup and view all the answers

What are pyrogens in relation to fever?

Inflammatory mediators released by white blood cells that reset the hypothalamic temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the enlargement of lymph nodes due to inflammatory processes?

Lymphadenopathy Signup and view all the answers

Why do lymph nodes enlarge during an inflammatory process?

Due to the active proliferation of lymphocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lymph nodes in the body?

To mature lymphocytes and filter lymphatic fluid, collecting debris. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of prostaglandins (PGs) produced by the COX-1 pathway?

Induction of fever and pain Signup and view all the answers

Which inflammatory mediator is primarily responsible for bronchospasm and bronchiole edema?

Leukotrienes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a systemic effect of TNF-alpha?

Promotion of vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What are the major cytokines produced by macrophages during an inflammation reaction?

TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IL-6 Signup and view all the answers

In severe sepsis, the overproduction of cytokines like TNF and ILs can lead to which of the following?

Shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and possible death Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical outcome of acute inflammation?

Immediate formation of new bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in the resolution of acute inflammation?

Normalization of vascular permeability, deactivation of chemical mediators, and apoptosis of WBCs Signup and view all the answers

When does the inflammatory reaction result in scar tissue formation instead of regeneration?

When inflammation involves tissues incapable of regenerating cells, and cellular debris cannot be cleared Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation and Inflammatory Response

Inflammation is a multi-stage process involving vascular and cellular changes, potentially including systemic changes.
White blood cells (WBCs) are recruited to damaged areas and secrete mediators that control the process, from initial injury to resolution or long-term inflammation.
Effective inflammation clears injury, promotes healing, and resolves.
Chronic inflammation, as seen in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, and atherosclerosis, can persist and cause ongoing damage.
Inflammatory conditions diminish quality of life and can cause discomfort and organ dysfunction.
Cell biologists are continually uncovering inflammatory mediators, which could be drug targets, but our current understanding is incomplete.

Types of Inflammation

Two types exist: acute and chronic.
Acute inflammation is a rapid reaction to injury, clearing harmful agents, promoting healing, and self-limiting (hours/days).
Chronic inflammation is a persistent reaction that inhibits healing and causes ongoing cellular damage and organ dysfunction.

Acute Inflammation

Triggered by various stimuli (infections, injury, toxins, etc.).
Involves characteristic vascular and cellular changes.
Two main phases: vascular and cellular.
- Vascular phase: initial vasoconstriction followed by prolonged vascular permeability (increased leakiness of blood vessels).
- Cellular phase: attraction and migration of WBCs to the injury site.
Vascular Permeability promotes fluid leakage into tissues, diluting toxins, lowering pH, preventing microbial growth.
The inflamed area becomes congested, warm, red, and swollen.

Clinical Concepts

Classic signs of inflammation: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), and loss of function.
Exudates (pus): fluid containing WBCs, microbes, and cellular debris.
Transudates: fluid containing little protein.
Effusions: fluid accumulation in body cavities.
Leukocytosis: increased WBC count in response to inflammation.
Margination: WBCs lining up along blood vessel walls at injury site.

Cell Types and Functions

Neutrophils: short-lived, crucial in early inflammation, perform phagocytosis.
Monocytes/Macrophages: long-lived, take over phagocytosis roles from neutrophils, central in chronic inflammation.
Lymphocytes: important in chronic inflammation.
Granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils (include granules in cytoplasm).
Various chemical signals (cytokines, chemokines) regulate inflammation.

Inflammatory Mediators

Numerous substances mediate inflammation as described as inflammatory mediators.
Key categories: cytokines (TNF-alpha, ILs), chemokines, acute-phase proteins (CRP, fibrinogen, etc.).

Clinical Concepts (cont.)

Laboratory tests (CRP, ESR, fibrinogen) can indicate ongoing inflammation.
Different WBC types (neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes) vary over time during inflammatory processes.
Phagocytosis: process of engulfing and destroying foreign material by WBCs.
Respiratory burst: release of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils to kill microbes in phagocytosis.
Antioxidant vitamins counteract free-radical damage.

Systemic Effects and Clinical Concept

Fever, pain, anorexia, malaise, fatigue, lymphadenopathy are common symptoms.
Inflammatory mediators (like prostaglandins, cytokines) cause these systemic responses.
Elevation of acute-phase proteins suggests inflammatory activity (e.g., CRP, ESR increase).

Chronic Inflammation

Persistent inflammation lasting weeks to months (no resolution or healing).
Caused by various factors: ongoing infection, hypersensitivity disorders, autoimmune diseases.
Histological changes (granulomas).
Specific agents or unknown factors may cause persistent or unremitting inflammation.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on the key concepts of inflammation and the immune response. This quiz covers important definitions, processes, and classifications associated with inflammation and related physiological responses. Perfect for students studying biomedical sciences or healthcare.