Inflammation and Immune Response Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does 'rubor' refer to in the context of inflammation?

  • Pain
  • Loss of function
  • Swelling
  • Redness (correct)

Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for engulfing bacteria and viruses?

  • Basophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Neutrophils (correct)

What is the most common site of metastasis for carcinoma of the prostate?

  • Liver
  • Bone (correct)
  • Brain
  • Lung

Which cardinal sign of inflammation indicates a loss of function?

<p>Functio laesa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is used for carcinoma of the prostate?

<p>Castration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of basophils in inflammation?

<p>Release histamines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'calor' signify in inflammatory response?

<p>Warmth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes neoplasia?

<p>Abnormal uncontrolled growth of cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the first symptoms associated with metastasis of carcinoma of the prostate?

<p>Sciatic pain and back pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells in the reticuloendothelial system primarily deal with dead cells and foreign substances?

<p>Kupffer cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What response do eosinophils have in the body?

<p>Respond to allergic reactions and parasites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'anaplastic' mean in the context of neoplasia?

<p>Cells do not resemble normal cells and divide quickly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

<p>Hemorrhage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hyperchromatism in malignant neoplasia refer to?

<p>Increased nuclear size and staining intensity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process allows cancer cells to spread from the primary site to others in the body?

<p>Ameboid movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a one-stage metastatic process?

<p>Carcinoma of the lung invading pulmonary veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carcinogen is associated with the use of tobacco products?

<p>Chemical carcinogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of radiation is NOT considered a carcinogenic factor?

<p>Beta radiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common site for hematogenous metastasis to occur first?

<p>Lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the invasion and spread of cancer within surrounding tissues?

<p>Infiltration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does radiation primarily contribute to cancer development?

<p>By producing localized breakdowns in DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is agenesis in terms of developmental defects?

<p>The absence of an organ due to failure to develop (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes hypoplasia?

<p>Incomplete development leading to a below-average number of cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a rare type of metastasis occurrence in cancer?

<p>Metastasis to the spleen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in RNA oncogenic viruses?

<p>To make DNA complementary to viral RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are principal systems involved in congenital malformations?

<p>Circulatory, CNS, digestive, and urogenital systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does gravity play in cancer metastasis?

<p>It helps cancer cells enter cavities like pleural or peritoneal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a genetic mutation linked to breast and ovarian carcinomas?

<p>BRCA1 and BRCA2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Down syndrome is primarily caused by which chromosomal abnormality?

<p>Trisomy 21 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'N' in the TNM cancer staging system refer to?

<p>The extent of lymph node metastasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with malignant neoplasia at a tissue level?

<p>Homogeneous structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about developmental defects is inaccurate?

<p>Aplasia refers to the complete absence of an organ. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for the survival of cancer cells?

<p>Constant blood flow and nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a physical carcinogen?

<p>Radiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for many chromosomal diseases affecting autosomal chromosomes?

<p>They often cause severe complications incompatible with life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of developmental defect?

<p>Hypertrophy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is believed to contribute to most congenital malformations?

<p>Genetic predisposition combined with intrauterine injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sarcomas typically metastasize compared to carcinomas?

<p>Sarcomas tend to metastasize early through blood vessels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the initial involvement of lymphatic spread in metastasis?

<p>Lymph nodes that normally drain the primary cancer site are first involved. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the sequence believed to cause cancer?

<p>Initiation, involving genetic mutation caused by a carcinogen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of deaths in the United States is attributed to cancer?

<p>1 out of 6 deaths (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of cancer development?

<p>They typically arise from already abnormal cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the transformation phase of cancer development?

<p>Cells acquire the ability to metastasize. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do tumor emboli that enter the systemic venous circulation behave?

<p>They can lodge in any part of the systemic capillary bed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between cancer growth and maintenance requirements?

<p>Cancer growth greatly exceeds maintenance requirements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Rubor (Redness)

Redness, caused by increased blood flow to the inflamed area.

Calor (Warmth)

Warmth or feeling hot, also due to increased blood flow.

Dolor (Pain)

Pain, a signal that something is wrong.

Tumor (Swelling)

Swelling, caused by the accumulation of fluid in the inflamed area.

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Functio Laesa (Loss of Function)

Loss of function, the inflamed organ does not work properly.

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Agenesis

A developmental defect where an organ fails to form during embryonic development due to the absence of primordial tissue.

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Hypoplasia

Incomplete development of an organ or tissue, resulting in a below-average number of cells.

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Aplasia

The failure of an organ or tissue to develop or function normally.

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Congenital Malformations

A category of developmental defects that are caused by a genetic predisposition combined with injury during pregnancy.

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Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A type of chromosomal disorder where there is an extra copy of chromosome 21. It's associated with mental deficiency and distinctive facial features.

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Chromosomal Disease

A type of chromosomal disease that is present at birth and can lead to various developmental defects.

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Genetic Predisposition

A genetic influence that plays a key role in how an individual responds to injury.

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Hereditary Disease

A genetic condition where an individual inherits a faulty gene from their parents, which can lead to a variety of diseases.

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Hematologic Metastasis

Cancer cells that spread through blood vessels.

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Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to a distant location.

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Lymphatic Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells through the lymphatic system.

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Initiation

The initial stage of cancer development where a cell undergoes a genetic mutation.

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Promotion

The process where initiated cells start to multiply.

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Transformation

The final stage of cancer development where cells acquire the ability to metastasize.

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Oncology

The branch of biology that studies neoplasia, the abnormal growth of cells.

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Cancer

A malignant neoplasm; a state of uncontrolled cell growth that exceeds normal requirements.

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Local Spread of Cancer

Cancer cells invade and destroy surrounding tissue.

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Hematogenous Metastasis

Cancer cells enter blood vessels or lymphatic vessels and travel to other parts of the body.

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Gravity-Mediated Metastasis

Cancer cells spread through the body by gravity, often in the pleural or peritoneal cavity.

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Amoeboid Movement in Metastasis

Cancer cells move through tissues using amoeba-like movements.

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Staging of Metastasis

The process of classifying and staging the spread of cancer.

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Characteristics of Malignant Neoplasia

The characteristics of cancer cells that are different from normal cells.

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Circulatory Patterns in Metastasis

The study of the patterns and mechanisms of cancer spread.

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Carcinogens

Initiating factors that trigger the development of cancer. These can be chemical, physical or biological in nature.

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Chemical Carcinogens

Chemicals that can cause cancer. Examples include smoking, certain dyes, and asbestos.

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Physical Carcinogens

Physical factors that can cause cancer, such as radiation and trauma.

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Biological Carcinogens

Living organisms that can cause cancer, especially viruses. These viruses can insert their DNA into the host cell's genome.

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TNM Staging

Cancer staging system that classifies the severity of cancer using tumor size, spread to lymph nodes, and presence of distant metastasis.

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Degeneration & Ischemic Necrosis

The process by which cancer cells die due to a lack of blood supply and nutrients.

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BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes

Genes that are responsible for DNA repair and have been linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers when mutated.

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Anaplastic

A characteristic of neoplasia where cells divide rapidly and lack normal cell features. They are disorderly and often grouped together.

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Heterotopia

Mature tissue found in an unexpected location, often due to abnormal development or migration.

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Benign Neoplasm

A type of neoplasm that is non-cancerous, characterized by slow growth and limited spread. Often localized and usually harmless.

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Malignant Neoplasm

A type of neoplasm that is cancerous, characterized by rapid growth, potential to spread to other tissues (metastasis), and can endanger life.

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Study Notes

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

  • Rubor (redness): Caused by increased blood flow.
  • Calor (heat): Due to increased blood flow.
  • Dolor (pain): Signals body of problem.
  • Tumor (swelling): Accumulation of fluid.
  • Functio laesa (loss of function): Impaired organ function.

Inflammatory Cells

  • Fixed cells (reticuloendothelial system): Remove dead/abnormal cells and foreign substances.
  • Granulocytes: Fight infections and allergens.
    • Neutrophils: First responders to bacteria/viruses; engulf microorganisms.
    • Basophils: Protect from infection & allergens by releasing histamine.
    • Eosinophils: Respond to allergic reactions, parasites, and fungi.
  • Agranulocytes: Help fight infections.
    • Lymphocytes: Identify foreign antibodies, produce antigens.
    • Monocytes: Transform into macrophages, engulf pathogens and dead cells.
  • Kupffer cells: Protect and repair the liver.
  • Sinusoidal cells: In spleen and bone.

Developmental Defects

  • Agenesis: Organ fails to develop due to lack of primordial tissue.
  • Aplasia: Organ/tissue fails to develop or function.
  • Hypoplasia: Incomplete development of organ/tissue (below average number of cells).
  • Examples: Size variations (smaller organs), absent organs, etc.
  • Often influenced by genetics and intrauterine injury.

Chromosomal Diseases

  • Many are incompatible with life.
  • Common example: Down syndrome (trisomy 21): Mental deficiency and facial features.
  • Often linked to maternal age.
  • Can cause various issues with brain function & learning impairment.
  • Some diseases: Klinefelter's (XXY), Turner's (X).

Neoplasia

  • Abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth.
  • Benign: Noncancerous; localized growth, well-differentiated cells, do not metastasize.
  • Malignant: Cancerous; spreads to other parts of the body, anaplasia (loss of differentiation), hyperchromatism, abnormal mitosis, pleomorphism, altered organization.
  • Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells to other sites.
    • Local spread, invasion & destruction.
    • Lymphatic/blood vessel spread.
  • Lung cancer: Most common malignant lung neoplasm.
  • Prostate cancer: Common in older men.

Cancer Etiology

  • Imbalance in tissue growth rate exceeding renewal requirements.
  • Causes: Chemical carcinogens (smoking, radiation), physical injury, biologic agents (viruses).
  • TNM System: Used to stage cancer (T = tumor, N = lymph node involvement, M = distant metastasis).
  • Cancer staging is crucial for effective treatment.

Other

  • Cancer can metastasize to multiple locations (e.g., liver, lungs, bone).
  • Symptoms may be non-specific and appear as a result of metastasis.
  • Sometimes metastasis can involve multiple steps (e.g., colon to liver, to vena cava to lungs etc.).

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Description

Test your knowledge on the cardinal signs of inflammation and the roles of different inflammatory cells. Understand the mechanisms of redness, heat, pain, and swelling, as well as the types of cells involved in the immune response. This quiz covers essential concepts for students in health sciences or biology.

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