Inflammation and Fluids Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a cardinal sign associated with the dilation of blood vessels?

  • Heat
  • Swelling
  • Redness (correct)
  • Loss of Function

Which of the following is NOT a preventive measure for inflammation?

  • Exercise regularly
  • Quit smoking
  • Sleep more (correct)
  • Maintain a healthy weight

Which of these drugs is an anti-inflammatory medication?

  • Ibuprofen (correct)
  • Citalopram
  • Aspirin
  • Acetaminophen

What percentage of body weight does body water represent in average adults?

<p>60% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an adverse effect of inflammatory drugs?

<p>Indigestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of body water is typically associated with older adults due to nerve degeneration in the hypothalamus?

<p>45-55% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT performed by body water?

<p>Regulation of blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate daily water intake requirement for adult females?

<p>2.7 liters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total body fluids is composed of intracellular fluids?

<p>40% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is associated with fluid loss through skin and breathing?

<p>Immeasurable loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for sodium levels in mEq/L?

<p>135-145 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT performed by sodium?

<p>Metabolism of carbohydrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

<p>Sodium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food is considered rich in sodium?

<p>Ketchup (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with potassium?

<p>Participating in the Na-K pump (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food sources are categorized under dairy?

<p>Milk &amp; soy milk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for anion concentration in intracellular fluid (ICF)?

<p>2.5 - 4.5 mg/L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cells in a solution with a higher external salt concentration?

<p>Cells will shrink (crenate) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organs are specified as involved in solute and solvent balance?

<p>Bone marrow and kidney (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for activating the mitochondria in the context of cellular function?

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is NOT rich in potassium?

<p>Iceberg lettuce (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for potassium levels in the body?

<p>1.5–2.5 meq/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does potassium play in cardiac muscle function?

<p>Influences irritability and contractility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is a good source of potassium?

<p>Low-fat yogurt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardinal signs of inflammation

The five key indicators of inflammation, including redness, swelling, pain, heat, and loss of function.

Inflammation

The body's protective response to harmful stimuli like infection or injury characterized by a series of changes in blood flow and fluid-leakage.

Fluid distribution

The percentage of body water varies according to age, ranging from a high proportion in newborns to a lower proportion in older adults.

Water's role in the body

Water is essential for transportation mechanisms and helps maintain body temperature and cell shape, transports essential materials to cells and takes away waste products.

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Anti-inflammatory drugs

Group of drugs that typically reduce inflammation, common examples are Ibuprofen, Mefenamic acid, Naproxen, Diclofenac, and Celecoxib.

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Body Water Percentage in Older Adults

Nerve degeneration and a deprived hypothalamus can cause older adults to retain more water, typically between 45-55% of their total body weight.

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Body Water Functions

Body water transports nutrients, electrolytes, and oxygen; excretes waste; regulates temperature; lubricates joints; and aids digestion.

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Daily Water Intake (Adults)

Adult males need approximately 3.7 liters and females 2.7 liters of water daily, depending on activity levels and environment.

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Body Fluid Compartments

Body fluids are divided into intracellular (within cells) and extracellular (outside cells). Extracellular fluids include plasma (within blood vessels) and interstitial fluids (in tissue spaces).

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Fluid Shifting & Edema

High sodium intake can cause water to shift into tissue spaces, leading to swelling (edema). The body works to maintain homeostasis.

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Sodium function in body

Sodium plays a vital role in maintaining blood volume, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction. It's crucial for the Na-K pump.

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Sodium normal range

The healthy level of sodium in blood plasma is between 135 and 145 mEq/L.

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Potassium's role in ICF

Potassium is the most abundant positive ion inside cells (ICF).

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Potassium normal range

Potassium levels in the blood should be between 3.5 and 5.0 mEq/L.

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Electrolytes

Electrically charged particles. They are important for many bodily functions and are vital for fluid maintenance and nerve transmission.

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Potassium's role in energy

Potassium is crucial for producing and using adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the body's primary energy source.

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Where is potassium found?

Potassium is the second most abundant electrolyte inside cells, making it crucial for cellular function.

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Potassium's impact on the heart

Potassium influences the dilation of blood vessels, the excitability of heart muscle, and its ability to contract.

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Calcium's main function

Calcium is essential for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth.

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What else does calcium do?

Aside from bones and teeth, calcium plays a vital role in muscle action, heart function, blood clotting, and activating essential enzymes.

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Anion in ICF

A negatively charged ion found within cells, primarily phosphate, with a normal range of 2.5-4.5 mg/L. It plays vital roles in bone formation, energy production (ATP), and the structure of DNA and RNA.

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ATP Generation

Anion in the ICF, particularly phosphate, is essential for the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of cells. ATP is generated within mitochondria, which require sugar/glucose for activation.

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Solute Concentration in Cells

The balance between solute (e.g., salt) and solvent (e.g., water) inside and outside a cell is crucial for maintaining its shape and function.

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Cells Shrinking (Crenation)

When the solute concentration outside a cell is higher than inside, water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink. This is known as crenation.

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Cells Swelling (Lysis)

If the solute concentration inside the cell is higher than outside, water rushes in, causing the cell to swell and potentially burst (lysis). This happens when there's more salt inside the cell.

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Study Notes

Cardinal Signs

  • Redness (Rubor)
  • Swelling (Tumor)
  • Pain (Dolor)
  • Heat (Calor)
  • Fever - caused by chemical mediators

Prevention Methods

  • Quit smoking
  • Eat anti-inflammatory foods
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Exercise regularly

Inflammatory Drugs

  • Ibuprofen
  • Metamizole
  • Naproxen
  • Diclofenac

Side Effects

  • Drowsiness
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue

Fluids & Electrolytes

  • Water is a major component in transport mechanisms

  • Helps maintain temperature and cell shape

  • Helps transport nutrients, gases, and waste products

  • Fluid distribution varies

  • Body water percentage varies in infants, adults, and newborns

  • 45-55% - Adult

  • 60%- Infant

  • 70-80% - Older Adult

  • 75%- 85% - Newborn

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts related to inflammation, including cardinal signs, prevention methods, common inflammatory drugs, and their side effects. Additionally, it explores the role of fluids and electrolytes in the body, detailing their importance and variations among different age groups.

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