Inflammation and Cytokines Quiz

<p>IL-6 can favor the transition from acute to chronic inflammation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell-associated pattern-recognition molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbial moieties and inflammatory cytokines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative regulators of inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interleukin-6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as an interleukin-1R antagonist. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adipose tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locally produced interleukin-6 and TNF (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The content doesn't specify what other cell types (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transferrin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ferritin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum amyloid A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PTX3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mannose-binding lectin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C-reactive protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C4-binding protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibronectin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ferritin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PTX3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interleukin-1Ra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrinogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PTX3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apolipoproteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Directly producing complement molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PTX3 is stored in neutrophil granules, while C-reactive protein is produced downstream of the cytokine cascade. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungal and bacterial infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ficolins and mannose-binding lectin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The protein's folding into extremely hydrophobic β sheets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A process that occurs rapidly as an immediate early gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promote the disposal of apoptotic cells non-inflammatorily. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathogen binding initiates immune responses while apoptotic cell binding promotes non-inflammatory cell disposal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is composed of a Ca2+-type lectin domain and a collagen-like domain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To opsonize pathogens, thereby promoting phagocytosis and activation of the complement cascade. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primarily in exon 1, which encodes the MBL collagenous region. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leads to MBL deficiency, affecting its function and plasma concentration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An endocytic receptor for SAA, crucial in SAA-mediated immune and inflammatory functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It induces an M2-like (anti-inflammatory) skewing of macrophages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tuberculosis or rheumatoid arthritis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The accumulation of AA fibrils in organs disrupting their function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TGF-β (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages and neutrophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assist in pathogen and tissue-damage recognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PTX3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhancing leukocyte enrollment and survival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythropoiesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as primary mediators of the acute-phase response, triggering multiple cellular activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activating and recruiting leukocytes to infected tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are derived from multiple cell sources, and they aid in inflammation and immune function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents the binding of transcription factors, decreasing gene expression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRP recognizes pathogen and tissue damage, while SAP acts as an opsonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of ACTH and Glucocorticoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a trigger that can lead to a systemic acute-phase response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monocytes and macrophages, which secrete a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation is a complex biological response to injury and infection. It involves a series of events that aim to protect the body from further damage, remove harmful stimuli, and promote healing.

Acute-phase proteins are proteins produced by the liver in response to inflammation. Their levels in the blood increase during inflammation and help regulate the immune response.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a powerful signaling molecule produced by immune cells during inflammation. It plays a key role in the body's response to inflammation, including the production of acute-phase proteins.

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an acute-phase protein that helps regulate the immune response, particularly during the transition from acute to chronic inflammation.

Chemokines are signaling molecules that attract immune cells to the site of inflammation.

A potent signaling molecule that promotes the production of acute-phase proteins, particularly by liver cells.

A type of cytokine that counteracts inflammation, helping to control and resolve the inflammatory process.

Hormones that act as negative regulators of inflammation, suppressing inflammatory signals and promoting resolution.

A specific type of anti-inflammatory cytokine that acts as an antagonist to interleukin-1, blocking its inflammatory effects.

A factor that triggers the production of interferon, a key antiviral and anti-inflammatory molecule.

A class of receptors on immune cells that recognize specific patterns on pathogens, triggering an immune response.

A group of proteins produced by the liver in response to inflammation.

A protein that binds to C-reactive protein and activates the complement pathway.

A protein that binds to mannose residues on the surface of pathogens and activates the complement pathway.

A key component of the innate immune system that recognizes patterns on pathogens and triggers an inflammatory response.

A protein that inhibits inflammation by blocking the activity of interleukin-1.

A protein that activates the coagulation cascade, leading to blood clot formation.

A protein that binds iron, making it unavailable to bacteria and other pathogens.

A protein that stores iron intracellularly.

A protein that regulates iron absorption in the gut.

The major protein in blood plasma that maintains osmotic pressure, binds to fatty acids, and transports various substances.

A protein that binds copper and plays a role in iron metabolism, antioxidant defense, and inflammation.

Proteins that bind to lipids and transport them throughout the bloodstream.

A protein that binds to carbohydrates and plays a role in inflammation.

Proteins that function as inhibitors of proteases, preventing them from breaking down proteins.

A protein that stimulates the production of platelets, which are essential for blood clotting.

A family of proteins characterized by a cyclic multimeric structure and a conserved 200-amino-acid pentraxin domain. They play a crucial role in the immune response.

A short pentraxin, also known as PTX1, that is elevated during inflammation and acts as a marker for inflammation.

A short pentraxin that plays a role in inflammation and is involved in the regulation of amyloid deposition.

A long pentraxin involved in the immune response, particularly during the transition from acute to chronic inflammation.

A signaling molecule produced by immune cells during inflammation. It is a powerful regulator of the inflammatory response.

A signaling molecule mainly produced by macrophages and T cells. It plays a crucial role in the inflammatory response.

A signaling molecule produced by immune cells that helps to suppress the immune response after an inflammatory event.

Proteins that stimulate the production and differentiation of blood cells, particularly leukocytes.

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that acts as an anti-inflammatory agent.

A peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It plays a key role in the stress response by stimulating the production of glucocorticoids.

A signaling molecule that plays a role in the regulation of inflammation and immune responses.

Molecules involved in the activation of the complement system, a key part of the immune response.

An inflammatory mediator produced by cells during inflammation. It plays a role in the inflammatory response.

PTX3, CRP, and SAP interact with various complement components, enhancing their ability to recognize and neutralize pathogens. This interaction amplifies the immune response.

The complement system is a vital part of the innate immune system, acting as a cascade of proteins that work together to eliminate pathogens. It recognizes and destroys pathogens through various mechanisms, including attracting immune cells and directly damaging pathogens.

Pentraxins help control and regulate the transition from acute inflammation to chronic inflammation, potentially preventing excessive inflammation and tissue damage.

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a protein found in the blood that helps the immune system fight infections. It binds to sugar molecules on the surface of bacteria and fungi, marking them for destruction by immune cells.

MBL is a type of lectin that binds to mannose and N-acetyl glucosamine, sugars found on the surface of microbes. This binding helps trigger the immune response.

MBL activates the complement system, a part of the immune system that helps destroy microbes. This activation involves a series of protein interactions that lead to the destruction of the microbe.

MBL is encoded by the MBL2 gene, and genetic variations in this gene can lead to MBL deficiency, meaning the body does not produce enough MBL to effectively fight infections.

A-SAA (Serum Amyloid A) is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. Its levels increase during inflammation and play a role in the immune response.

A-SAA binds to scavenger receptors B-I (CD36), which are found on cells like macrophages. This binding helps clear pathogens and promote inflammation.

A-SAA can also contribute to the development of amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis, a condition caused by the buildup of amyloid A protein in various organs.

MBL has been associated with various inflammatory conditions, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular diseases.