204 Theme 2: The Reproductive System, Fetal Development, and Birth Cycle

A woman attends the infertility clinic with very painful periods for 12 months and failure to conceive after 3 years of trying. Her husband’s semen analysis is normal. A transvaginal pelvic scan shows a right 7cm ovarian cyst with multiple echoes within the cyst.

Which condition can only be treated by IVF (in vitro fertilisation), using donor eggs rather than the woman’s own eggs, in order to achieve a pregnancy?

Which of the following designations describes the set of symptoms that result from the XXY karyotype?

In the development of the male genital duct system, which type of cell secretes anti-Müllerian hormone (also known as Müllerian inhibitory substance or MIS)?

Which substance, produced by the anterior pituitary gland, results in the maturation of a Graafian follicle from a primary follicle?

Squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix is caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). What are the HPV types most commonly found in cervical cancer?

Ovulation of the secondary oocyte occurs due to a surge of production of which hormone from the anterior pituitary gland?

Which hormone causes decreased viscosity of cervical mucus mid-menstrual cycle? Select the single best answer from the list below.

A 30-year-old woman at 14 weeks pregnancy with monochorionic twins meets with her obstetrician. From which complication of pregnancy is she at risk due to this type of twin pregnancy?

At birth, closure of which vessel is one of the two main events which occurs in the fetus to ensure separation of the pulmonary and systemic blood flows in the newborn?

A 28-year-old primigravida attends the delivery suite at 39 weeks gestation. She started having regular painful contractions eight hours ago. What feature in her examination will confirm that she is in the active first stage of labour?

Which structure forms the muscular layer of the uterus?

A 27-year-old woman presents to the genito-urinary clinic with bleeding after sex and a vaginal discharge. When examined she has an inflamed cervix and a cervical swab is taken. What is the most likely organism present?

Which of the following is the most common cause of difficulty to conceive in couples of reproductive age?

A 22-year-old woman presents with a 12-month history of painful periods and pain during intercourse. A transvaginal ultrasound is performed as part of her investigations and reveals a 5cm ovarian cyst. What is the most likely histology of her ovarian cyst?

A 51-year-old woman is suffering from extreme hot flushes and sweats. She has had no past surgery nor any past medical history. What would be the most appropriate treatment for her menopause symptoms?

A lady presents to the Emergency Department with vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain. She is six weeks pregnant. What is a ‘threatened miscarriage’

A lady presents to the Emergency Department with vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain. She is six weeks pregnant. What is an ‘incomplete miscarriage’.

What is a 'complete miscarriage'?

A lady presents to the Emergency Department with vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain. She is six weeks pregnant. In which structure do ectopic pregnancies most commonly implant?

What is NOT a factor that increases a woman’s chance of having an ectopic pregnancy

A woman with recurrent miscarriages (more than three in a row) will be investigated to look for possible causes. What is NOT a possible cause?

What is NOT a factor that increases the chance of conceiving a twin pregnancy?

Explain what is meant by the term ‘chorionicity’?

Explain what is meant by the terms ‘amnionicity’?

What is NOT an increased risk in a dichorionic pregnancy for the mother?

What is NOT an increased risks in a dichorionic pregnancy for the babies?

Twin-twin transfusion syndrome is a rare complication of a MCDA twin pregnancy. Explain what happens in this syndrome and identify the correct or steps

Explain the arrangement of the umbilical cord.

What is NOT a component and description of the decidua?

Describe the mechanism of action of progestogen-only contraceptive pills.

Identify the duct labelled A, and structures labelled B and C in the diagram below.

What organ is innervated by the spermatic plexus and used for the production of sperm and hormone secretion?

Which principal vessel provides blood supply to the muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum in the male?

What is the definition of a syndrome?

Below is a list of the most commonly diagnosed syndromes caused by chromosomal abnormalities. Provide the chromosomal abnormalities that cause the following:

• Turner syndrome
• Patau's syndrome
• Edward's syndrome An example is provided below.

What is NOT a correct answer?

What is NOT an external feature that you may recognise on a baby born with Down’s syndrome?

At what gestation is combined screening for chromosomal abnormalities carried out?

What sample is tested in non-invasive prenatal testing?

What is NOT a possible cause (not including male factors) for infertility?

Answer the questions regarding the image below.

What is this investigation called?

Answer the questions regarding the image below.

What is NOT an important test which should be organised before this investigation?

What is NOT a type of patient that may benefit from intrauterine insemination before attempting in vitro fertilisation (IVF).

What is NOT a reason why some women might refuse screening?

What is NOT a justification for offering screening to a woman who does not want a termination?