Dev. Psy Midterm

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Questions and Answers

What term describes unusual occurrences that have a major life impact and do not happen to everyone?

Normative age-graded influences

Genetic makeup changes

Normative history-graded influences

Nonnormative life events (correct)

Which concept refers to the idea that biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes influence each other during development?

Contextual development

Plastic development

Unidirectional development

Bidirectional development (correct)

According to Baltes and his colleague, what three goals are involved in the mastery of life, especially for those in middle and late adulthood?

Growth, maintenance, loss regulation (correct)

Growth, adaptation, stability

Progress, maintenance, stability

Change, progress, adaptation

What does multidirectional development imply about different dimensions or components?

Some expand while others shrink over time Signup and view all the answers

Which type of influences have common generational experiences due to historical events such as the Great Depression or civil rights movements?

Normative history-graded influences Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'plasticity' mean in the context of development?

The capacity for change Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for influences that are similar for individuals in a specific age group, such as starting school or experiencing puberty?

Normative age-graded influences Signup and view all the answers

How does the context influence development according to the text?

All development occurs within a context Signup and view all the answers

What is the co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual known as?

Brain-culture interplay Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of bidirectional influence mentioned in the text?

Socioemotional process influencing cognitive process Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has a positive connection with cognitive development according to the text?

Exercise Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the appreciation for cultural differences and understanding cultural practices from the standpoint of a specific culture?

Cultural relativism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that influences health and well-being in the text?

Cognitive development Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the comparison of one culture with one or more other cultures to gain information about their developmental similarities?

Cross-cultural studies Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with ethnicity based on the text?

Occupational status Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory according to the text?

Highlighting the connections between different environmental systems Signup and view all the answers

How do children develop a sense of self-efficacy according to the text?

By observing models and gradually forming standards Signup and view all the answers

What environmental system refers to the culture in which individuals live?

Macrosystem Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of Skinner's theory regarding cognition?

It underestimates the role of cognitive processes in behavior Signup and view all the answers

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, what does the Chronosystem refer to?

The patterning of environmental events over the life course Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the importance of adaptation and reproduction for survival?

Evolutionary psychology Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect criticized about the eclectic perspective in child development?

Inadequate attention to biological factors Signup and view all the answers

In evolutionary terms, what does adaptive behavior promote?

Reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of natural selection in evolutionary processes?

Selection of the best-adapted individuals Signup and view all the answers

From an evolutionary psychology perspective, what is highlighted as crucial for ensuring survival?

Adaptation and reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor in development according to Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Behavior, environment, and cognition Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what is learned in terms of stimulus association?

Learning based on associating a stimulus with a response Signup and view all the answers

What is Skinner's operant conditioning focused on?

Behavior changes through reinforcement and punishment Signup and view all the answers

Why are cognitive theories criticized for inadequate attention to individual differences?

Because they do not account for unique characteristics in people Signup and view all the answers

What does Bandura's social cognitive theory refer to with 'reciprocal determinism'?

The bidirectional forces of behavior, environment, and cognition in development Signup and view all the answers

What stage of Piaget's cognitive developmental theory is characterized by the child beginning to represent the world with words and images?

Preoperational Stage Signup and view all the answers

In Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory, what concept emphasizes the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help?

Zone of Proximal Development Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective on cognitive development views individuals as manipulating information, monitoring it, and strategizing?

Information-Processing Theory Signup and view all the answers

At what approximate age does Piaget's Formal Operational Stage begin according to the text?

11 years through Adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's cognitive developmental theories?

Focus on individual exploration vs. social interaction and cultural influence Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive stage is characterized by organizing activities through sensory and motor interaction with the environment?

Sensorimotor Stage Signup and view all the answers

What concept in Vygotsky's theory refers to temporary support provided to help a child master a task or skill?

Scaffolding Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, what occurs when new information is incorporated into existing schemas?

Assimilation Signup and view all the answers

'Individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize' is central to which cognitive perspective mentioned in the text?

Information-Processing Theory Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Piaget's Preoperational Stage from the Concrete Operational Stage?

Symbolic thinking vs. concrete reasoning abilities Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Concepts in Development

Major Life Impact Events: Unusual occurrences that significantly affect life, not experienced by everyone, are described as life-altering events.
Influence of Processes: The interplay of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes during development reflects the concept of multidirectional influence.

Goals in Adulthood

Mastery of Life: Baltes identifies three goals for middle and late adulthood, including growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss.

Developmental Characteristics

Multidirectional Development: This concept suggests that different dimensions or components of development can grow, shrink, or change direction simultaneously.
Generational Influences: Influences tied to historical events, such as the Great Depression or civil rights movements, shape common experiences across generations.
Plasticity in Development: Plasticity refers to the capacity for change and adaptability in response to experiences throughout life.

Age Group Influences: Normative influences are common experiences for individuals of specific age groups, including milestones like starting school or puberty.

Developmental Context and Construction

Context Influence: The context in which individuals develop is significant, incorporating environmental, cultural, and historical factors.
Co-construction of Development: The interaction between biology, culture, and the individual is often termed as co-construction.

Cognitive Development Influences

Bidirectional Influence Example: An example includes how a child's behavior can affect parental responses and vice versa, creating a feedback loop.
Cognitive Development Factors: Social interactions positively correlate with cognitive development.

Cultural Perspectives

Cultural Appreciation: The term 'cultural relativism' describes an understanding and appreciation for differences in cultural practices from within that culture.
Culture Comparison: Cross-cultural comparison involves the analysis of developmental similarities across different cultures.

Ethnicity and Health

Ethnicity Characteristics: Certain traits, such as geographic origins, are associated with ethnicity, but not every characteristic is attributed to it.
Health Influences: Factors influencing health and well-being include socioeconomic status, but some unrelated factors may not be mentioned.

Ecological and Cognitive Theories

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory: A key aspect includes recognizing layers of environmental systems, like the cultural context individuals live in.
Children's Self-efficacy Development: Children gain a sense of self-efficacy through successful experiences and supportive feedback.
Chronosystem: In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the Chronosystem refers to the dimension of time in relation to environmental changes.

Theoretical Perspectives in Psychology

Evolutionary Perspective: This perspective underscores adaptation and reproduction as vital for survival.
Eclectic Perspective Criticism: Critics argue the eclectic approach in child development lacks a unified theoretical framework.
Adaptive Behavior: In evolutionary terms, adaptive behavior serves to enhance survival.
Natural Selection: The primary characteristic of natural selection is the emphasis on variations that are conducive to survival.

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory: Highlights the importance of observational learning, imitation, and modeling in development.
Reciprocal Determinism: This term describes the interdependent relationship between behavior, personal factors, and environmental influences.

Classical and Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning: In this process, individuals learn to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus.
Operant Conditioning Focus: Skinner’s approach emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior.

Cognitive Perspectives

Critique of Cognitive Theories: Cognitive theories often face criticism for neglecting individual differences in development.
Piaget vs. Vygotsky: The fundamental difference lies in Piaget’s focus on stages of cognitive development, while Vygotsky emphasizes social interaction in learning.
Cognitive Stages: Piaget’s stages include the Preoperational Stage (symbolic thinking) and the Concrete Operational Stage (logical reasoning).

Support in Learning

Scaffolding: In Vygotsky’s theory, this concept refers to the temporary support that aids a child in mastering tasks.
Assimilation in Piaget's Theory: This term describes the process of integrating new information into pre-existing schemas.

Additional Cognitive Perspectives

Information Processing Perspective: Individuals are viewed as active processors of information, involved in monitoring and strategizing.
Developmental Stages: Piaget's Formal Operational Stage begins approximately at age eleven, characterized by abstract reasoning abilities.

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Description

Explore the use of observational data to infer the relationship between a stimulus and a response in cognitive and behavioral psychology. Learn about the contributions, criticisms, and perspectives of cognitive theories, including a positive view of development and an emphasis on active understanding construction. Delve into behavior and social cognitive perspectives throughout the lifespan.