research methods 5
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Questions and Answers

Which category of statistics is used to analyze quantitative data using measures like mean, median, and mode?

  • Inferential statistics
  • Descriptive statistics (correct)
  • Non-parametric statistics
  • Parametric statistics
  • Which type of test is used to make inferences about a population based on sample data?

  • Descriptive test
  • Parametric test
  • Inferential test (correct)
  • Non-parametric test
  • Which measure of central tendency represents the 'typical' value in the dataset?

  • Mean (correct)
  • Variance
  • Standard deviation
  • Range
  • What type of statistics are commonly presented using tables, graphs, charts, frequencies, or proportions?

    <p>Descriptive statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure of spread tells us how close data points are from one another and how close they are to the mean/median?

    <p>Standard deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of statistical test is based on making assumptions about the population parameters?

    <p>Parametric test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure best represents the middle value in a data set and is recommended for reporting in skewed data?

    <p>Median</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of how closely data points are packed around the mean, calculated by taking the square root of variance?

    <p>Standard deviation (SD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a statement of expected relationships between variables or phenomena in hypothesis testing?

    <p>Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In scientific research, what does a 5% significance level indicate?

    <p>A low probability (1 in 20) that the observed results are due to chance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of error occurs when the null hypothesis is false but is inaccurately accepted?

    <p>Type 2 error (beta)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data cannot be measured on a numerical scale and can be classified into distinct categories?

    <p>Categorical or nominal data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to determine whether the results from a sample can be extrapolated to the population of interest and to examine relationships or differences between variables?

    <p>Hypothesis testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measure represents the most frequently occurring value in a data set?

    <p>Mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Type 1 error (alpha)' occurs when:

    <p>The null hypothesis is true but is inaccurately rejected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'P-value' or statistical significance represents:

    <p>The probability of observing the results by chance alone, assuming the null hypothesis is true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Standard deviation (SD)' measure?

    <p>The dispersion of data points from the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of error occurs when the null hypothesis is true but is inaccurately rejected?

    <p>Type 1 error (alpha)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What scale is used for quality of life ratings?

    <p>1 to 4, with 1 being poor and 4 being excellent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data are parametric tests used for?

    <p>Normally distributed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative correlation value indicate?

    <p>A negative relationship between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which correlation coefficient is used for non-parametric data?

    <p>Spearman's correlation coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a significant negative correlation indicate?

    <p>A strong negative relationship between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to assess normality of data?

    <p>Histograms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are non-parametric tests typically used?

    <p>For small sample sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the p-value being less than 0.05 indicate?

    <p>The result is statistically significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positively skewed distribution have?

    <p>A mean larger than the median</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of test is used for skewed data?

    <p>Non-parametric test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What range do correlation values span from?

    <p>-1 to +1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Quality of life ratings use a scale of 1 to 4, with 1 being poor and 4 being excellent, but the intervals are unknown and may not be equal.
    • Parametric tests are used for normally distributed data, while non-parametric tests are used for skewed data.
    • A normal distribution is a symmetrical distribution where most data points cluster around the mean. Skewed data have a mean that is larger (positively skewed) or smaller (negatively skewed) than the median.
    • For parametric tests, assumptions include numerical data (interval or ratio variables) and a normal distribution.
    • Non-parametric tests are used for categorical data and non-normal distributions, and are typically used for small sample sizes.
    • Normality of data can be assessed using histograms, normality plots, or normality tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test or Shapiro-Wilk test.
    • When selecting a statistical test, consider the objectives of the study, with some tests used to determine statistical significance, some to examine correlations, and others to compare groups.
    • Pearson's correlation coefficient is used to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between two continuous variables in parametric data.
    • Spearman's correlation coefficient is used for non-parametric data and measures the relationship between two ranked variables.
    • Correlation values range from -1 to +1, with negative values indicating a negative relationship, and positive values indicating a positive relationship. The closer the value is to 1, the stronger the correlation.
    • The study described in the text aimed to assess the association between the severity of side effects of oral antidiabetic medicines and non-adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes. The authors reported a significant negative correlation between the two (r = 0.20, p < 0.05).

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    Description

    This quiz covers the concept of hypothesis testing, including understanding, types of inferential statistics (parametric and non-parametric tests), and knowing when to use various statistical tests in research. It also includes a recap of the research process, identifying the need for research, developing a research question or hypothesis.

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