Infectious Intruders
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Questions and Answers

Which mechanism do viruses use to enter the nucleus of host cells?

  • Biofilm formation
  • Adhesins
  • Invasion mechanisms (correct)
  • Capsules

    • Which enzymes break down cell contents and resist phagocytosis by host cells?

  • Amylase, nuclease, and protease
  • Protease, lipase, and amylase
  • Collagenase, hyaluronidase, and lecithinase (correct)
  • Lipase, nuclease, and collagenase

    • What is the mechanism used by protozoans like Toxoplasma gondii for entry and protection from lysosomes?

  • Capsule formation and resistance
  • Biofilm formation and pili
  • Microtubule protrusion and vacuolar membrane formation (correct)
  • Adhesion and invasion mechanisms

    • What do fungi use for adhesion and invasion?

    <p>Cell wall or capsule molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism used by ticks to prevent vasoconstriction and inflammation?

    <p>Secretion of biologically active molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism used by macroparasites like hookworms to reduce host cell immune responses?

    <p>Secretion of immunomodulatory proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of opportunistic fungal infections?

    <p>They are common in immunosuppressed patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Question 1

    <p>What is the role of host B lymphocytes in prion invasion of lymphoid tissue?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Answer 1

    <p>Host B lymphocytes secrete factors that help prions invade follicular dendritic cells in lymphoid tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Question 2

    <p>What are the three mechanisms commonly used by bacteria to resist host secretions and invade host cells?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Answer 2

    <p>Bacteria commonly use adhesins, pili, and biofilm formation to resist host secretions and translocate bacterial proteins to cause host cell membrane engulfment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Question 3

    <p>What are the names of three enzymes that bacteria use to break down host cell contents?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Answer 3

    <p>The three enzymes that bacteria use to break down host cell contents are collagenase, hyaluronidase, and lecithinase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Question 4

    <p>What is the mechanism used by protozoans like Toxoplasma gondii for entry into host cells?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Answer 4

    <p>Protozoans like Toxoplasma gondii use microtubule protrusion and vacuolar membrane formation for entry into host cells and protection from lysosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Question 5

    <p>What is the term used to describe the conversion of saprophytic mycelium to parasitic yeast by fungi?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Answer 5

    <p>The term used to describe the conversion of saprophytic mycelium to parasitic yeast by fungi is thermotolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Question 6

    <p>What is the role of hormone receptors on fungal cells in the incidence of certain fungal diseases?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Answer 6

    <p>Hormone receptors on fungal cells may change the incidence of certain fungal diseases between men and women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Question 7

    <p>What is the mechanism used by ticks to prevent vasoconstriction and inflammation?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Answer 7

    <p>Ticks use highly specialized mouthparts to attach to host skin and secrete biologically active molecules to prevent vasoconstriction and inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Question 8

    <p>What is the name of the larval stage of hookworms that invades the host via hair follicles?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Answer 8

    <p>The third larval stage (L3) of hookworms invades the host via hair follicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Question 9

    <p>What is the term used to describe the common characteristic of opportunistic fungal infections in immunosuppressed patients?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Answer 9

    <p>The common characteristic of opportunistic fungal infections in immunosuppressed patients is immunodeficiency-associated invasive fungal infections (IAIFIs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Question 10

    <p>What is the primary mechanism used by macroparasites like hookworms to reduce host cell immune responses?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Answer 10

    <p>Macroparasites like hookworms secrete immunomodulatory proteins to reduce host cell immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    • Prions invade follicular dendritic cells in lymphoid tissue with the help of factors secreted by host ______.

    <p>B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    • Bacteria use adhesins, pili, and biofilm formation to resist ______ and translocate bacterial proteins to cause host cell membrane engulfment.

    <p>host secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    • Enzymes such as collagenase, hyaluronidase, and lecithinase break down cell contents, and capsules resist ______ by host cells.

    <p>phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    • Protozoans like Toxoplasma gondii use microtubule protrusion and vacuolar membrane formation for entry and protection from ______.

    <p>lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    • Fungi use cell wall or capsule molecules for adhesion, and thermotolerance and conversion from ______ to parasitic yeast for invasion.

    <p>saprophytic mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    • Hydrolytic enzymes secreted by fungi cause damage to host cells and provide ______ for the fungus.

    <p>nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    • Third larval stage (L3) of hookworms invades host via ______ and migrates through circulation to lungs, trachea, intestines.

    <p>hair follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    • Ticks use highly specialized mouthparts to attach to host skin and secrete biologically active molecules to prevent ______ and inflammation.

    <p>vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    • Macroparasites like hookworms secrete immunomodulatory proteins to reduce host cell ______.

    <p>immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    • Opportunistic fungal infections are common in ______ like those with HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, lymphoma.

    <p>immunosuppressed patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Virulence Factors of Different Pathogens

    • Prions invade follicular dendritic cells in lymphoid tissue with the help of factors secreted by host B lymphocytes.
    • Viruses use adhesion and invasion mechanisms to enter the nucleus of host cells and facilitate replication of the viral genome.
    • Bacteria use adhesins, pili, and biofilm formation to resist host secretions and translocate bacterial proteins to cause host cell membrane engulfment.
    • Enzymes such as collagenase, hyaluronidase, and lecithinase break down cell contents, and capsules resist phagocytosis by host cells.
    • Protozoans like Toxoplasma gondii use microtubule protrusion and vacuolar membrane formation for entry and protection from lysosomes.
    • Fungi use cell wall or capsule molecules for adhesion, and thermotolerance and conversion from saprophytic mycelium to parasitic yeast for invasion.
    • Hormone receptors on fungal cells may change the incidence of certain fungal diseases between men and women.
    • Hydrolytic enzymes secreted by fungi cause damage to host cells and provide nutrients for the fungus.
    • Macroparasites like hookworms secrete immunomodulatory proteins to reduce host cell immune responses.
    • Third larval stage (L3) of hookworms invades host via hair follicles and migrates through circulation to lungs, trachea, intestines.
    • Ticks use highly specialized mouthparts to attach to host skin and secrete biologically active molecules to prevent vasoconstriction and inflammation.
    • Opportunistic fungal infections are common in immunosuppressed patients like those with HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, lymphoma.

    Virulence Factors of Different Pathogens

    • Prions invade follicular dendritic cells in lymphoid tissue with the help of factors secreted by host B lymphocytes.
    • Viruses use adhesion and invasion mechanisms to enter the nucleus of host cells and facilitate replication of the viral genome.
    • Bacteria use adhesins, pili, and biofilm formation to resist host secretions and translocate bacterial proteins to cause host cell membrane engulfment.
    • Enzymes such as collagenase, hyaluronidase, and lecithinase break down cell contents, and capsules resist phagocytosis by host cells.
    • Protozoans like Toxoplasma gondii use microtubule protrusion and vacuolar membrane formation for entry and protection from lysosomes.
    • Fungi use cell wall or capsule molecules for adhesion, and thermotolerance and conversion from saprophytic mycelium to parasitic yeast for invasion.
    • Hormone receptors on fungal cells may change the incidence of certain fungal diseases between men and women.
    • Hydrolytic enzymes secreted by fungi cause damage to host cells and provide nutrients for the fungus.
    • Macroparasites like hookworms secrete immunomodulatory proteins to reduce host cell immune responses.
    • Third larval stage (L3) of hookworms invades host via hair follicles and migrates through circulation to lungs, trachea, intestines.
    • Ticks use highly specialized mouthparts to attach to host skin and secrete biologically active molecules to prevent vasoconstriction and inflammation.
    • Opportunistic fungal infections are common in immunosuppressed patients like those with HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, lymphoma.

    Virulence Factors of Different Pathogens

    • Prions invade follicular dendritic cells in lymphoid tissue with the help of factors secreted by host B lymphocytes.
    • Viruses use adhesion and invasion mechanisms to enter the nucleus of host cells and facilitate replication of the viral genome.
    • Bacteria use adhesins, pili, and biofilm formation to resist host secretions and translocate bacterial proteins to cause host cell membrane engulfment.
    • Enzymes such as collagenase, hyaluronidase, and lecithinase break down cell contents, and capsules resist phagocytosis by host cells.
    • Protozoans like Toxoplasma gondii use microtubule protrusion and vacuolar membrane formation for entry and protection from lysosomes.
    • Fungi use cell wall or capsule molecules for adhesion, and thermotolerance and conversion from saprophytic mycelium to parasitic yeast for invasion.
    • Hormone receptors on fungal cells may change the incidence of certain fungal diseases between men and women.
    • Hydrolytic enzymes secreted by fungi cause damage to host cells and provide nutrients for the fungus.
    • Macroparasites like hookworms secrete immunomodulatory proteins to reduce host cell immune responses.
    • Third larval stage (L3) of hookworms invades host via hair follicles and migrates through circulation to lungs, trachea, intestines.
    • Ticks use highly specialized mouthparts to attach to host skin and secrete biologically active molecules to prevent vasoconstriction and inflammation.
    • Opportunistic fungal infections are common in immunosuppressed patients like those with HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, lymphoma.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the mechanisms used by different pathogens to invade and cause disease in their hosts. This quiz covers the virulence factors employed by prions, viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, and macroparasites. Learn about adhesion and invasion mechanisms, secretion of enzymes and immunomodulatory proteins, biofilm formation, and more. This quiz is ideal for students, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in understanding the complex world of infectious diseases.

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