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Questions and Answers
What type of infection is characterized by bacteria present in the bloodstream?
What type of infection is characterized by bacteria present in the bloodstream?
Which of the following is classified as a lower respiratory tract infection?
Which of the following is classified as a lower respiratory tract infection?
What is the average number of times a person breathes per minute?
What is the average number of times a person breathes per minute?
Which condition is NOT typically associated with respiratory tract infections?
Which condition is NOT typically associated with respiratory tract infections?
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How many different species of bacteria are typically inhaled daily?
How many different species of bacteria are typically inhaled daily?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of upper respiratory tract infections?
Which of the following is a common symptom of upper respiratory tract infections?
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What is the volume of air a person typically breathes in one breath?
What is the volume of air a person typically breathes in one breath?
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What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis?
What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis?
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Which type of organisms typically causes acute infective endocarditis?
Which type of organisms typically causes acute infective endocarditis?
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What type of lesions are associated with septic emboli in infective endocarditis?
What type of lesions are associated with septic emboli in infective endocarditis?
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Which of the following is a notable sign in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis?
Which of the following is a notable sign in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis?
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What is the likely role of dental procedures in the context of infective endocarditis?
What is the likely role of dental procedures in the context of infective endocarditis?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic diagnostic criterion for acute pneumonia?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic diagnostic criterion for acute pneumonia?
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What is a common cause of fever in immunocompromised patients with a travel history?
What is a common cause of fever in immunocompromised patients with a travel history?
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What type of Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) is characterized by a fever appearing at least 72 hours after hospital admission?
What type of Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) is characterized by a fever appearing at least 72 hours after hospital admission?
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Which of the following patterns of FUO involves intermittent or recurrent swings in body temperature of more than 1°C?
Which of the following patterns of FUO involves intermittent or recurrent swings in body temperature of more than 1°C?
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Which of the following laboratory tests is used to help diagnose pneumonia?
Which of the following laboratory tests is used to help diagnose pneumonia?
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Which organism is associated with causing pneumonia as per the clinical diagnosis mentioned?
Which organism is associated with causing pneumonia as per the clinical diagnosis mentioned?
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What is the temperature threshold for classifying a fever that is considered a fever of unknown origin (FUO)?
What is the temperature threshold for classifying a fever that is considered a fever of unknown origin (FUO)?
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Which of the following types of FUO has a low neutrophil count as a characteristic?
Which of the following types of FUO has a low neutrophil count as a characteristic?
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Which of the following is true regarding the diagnosis of pneumonia in hospital-acquired settings?
Which of the following is true regarding the diagnosis of pneumonia in hospital-acquired settings?
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What aspect of clinical diagnosis is particularly difficult when diagnosing pneumonia?
What aspect of clinical diagnosis is particularly difficult when diagnosing pneumonia?
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What are common symptoms of pharyngitis/tonsillitis (strep throat)?
What are common symptoms of pharyngitis/tonsillitis (strep throat)?
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Which influenza virus strain is NOT mentioned as part of the classification?
Which influenza virus strain is NOT mentioned as part of the classification?
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Which of the following statements about influenza is true?
Which of the following statements about influenza is true?
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Which symptom is associated with the flu but NOT with a common cold?
Which symptom is associated with the flu but NOT with a common cold?
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Approximately how many deaths per year in the US are attributed to influenza?
Approximately how many deaths per year in the US are attributed to influenza?
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Which feature is NOT typical of influenza symptoms?
Which feature is NOT typical of influenza symptoms?
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Which characteristic is NOT part of the clinical diagnosis for influenza?
Which characteristic is NOT part of the clinical diagnosis for influenza?
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Which of the following viruses is classified under the Orthomyxovirus family?
Which of the following viruses is classified under the Orthomyxovirus family?
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What is a distinguishing feature of how influenza symptoms develop compared to a cold?
What is a distinguishing feature of how influenza symptoms develop compared to a cold?
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Which organism is NOT mentioned as a cause of pneumonia following influenza?
Which organism is NOT mentioned as a cause of pneumonia following influenza?
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What type of pneumonia is associated with having been in the hospital?
What type of pneumonia is associated with having been in the hospital?
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Which of the following organisms is considered opportunistic?
Which of the following organisms is considered opportunistic?
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Which organism is specifically classified as intracellular?
Which organism is specifically classified as intracellular?
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Pneumonia developed within 48/72 hours upon admission to the hospital most likely indicates which type?
Pneumonia developed within 48/72 hours upon admission to the hospital most likely indicates which type?
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Which organism is commonly associated with atypical pneumonia?
Which organism is commonly associated with atypical pneumonia?
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Which of these bacteria is often found in cases related to severe influenza infections?
Which of these bacteria is often found in cases related to severe influenza infections?
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What is a common characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
What is a common characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
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Which of the following acts as a significant cause of pneumonia in patients with prior influenza infections?
Which of the following acts as a significant cause of pneumonia in patients with prior influenza infections?
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Which organism is NOT typically associated with pneumonia?
Which organism is NOT typically associated with pneumonia?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Tract Infections
- Lecture 1 Bitesize covers respiratory tract infections.
- The module is part of the Microbiology Unit (ISCM) and Module (UM1011).
- The slides were presented by Dr. Jorge Garcia-Lara for year 2024-2025.
Infection Pathways
- Infections can originate from outside the body (skin, GI tract, UTI, RT) or from inside the body following contact with foreign bodies (tooth-brushing, trauma).
- Infections can be local or systemic, also transmitting via viremia or fungemia.
- Pathways include: skin, GI tract, UTI, RT, foreign body (tooth brushing, trauma), bacteraemia, viremia/fungemia, Systemic infection.
- These infections can spread to the heart (endocarditis), bones (osteomyelitis), lungs (pneumonia), and brain (meningitis).
Respiratory Tract Infections
- Upper respiratory tract infections include sinusitis, nasopharyngitis (common cold), otitis (media and externa), tonsillitis, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, and laryngitis
- Lower respiratory tract infections include tracheitis, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumonia, and empyema.
Respiratory Tract Microbiology
- 12 breaths per minute, each inhalation takes 0.5 liters of air.
- 860,000 bacteria are inhaled per day, varying from 200 to 300 different species, stemming from at least 7 phyla
- Sources from different physical locations are mentioned including outdoor environments (Midwestern US cities).
Infectious Disease: Likelihood & Intent
- Infectious disease is the science of likelihood and intent.
- This involves factors, like the environment and a person's susceptibility to infections.
- An illustration of the propagation of infectious diseases.
Multiphase Turbulent Buoyant Cloud
- Detailed, visual representations are provided showing the dispersal of airborne pathogens.
- The illustrations showcase the dynamics and spread of aerosols expelled during activities like coughing and sneezing.
Size Comparison (Microbial World)
- Sizes of various microorganisms and cellular structures are displayed on a logarithmic scale.
- Structures include large protozoa, eukaryotic cells, most bacteria, mitochondria, fungi, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, mycoplasma, viruses, proteins, and prions.
- The different microbial groups are contrasted with their respective sizes to give an idea of the scale and range in the size of pathogens that can penetrate and cause respiratory and cardiovascular infections.
Respiratory Tract Defense Mechanisms
- Cell types are part of defense mechanisms, including: height of epithelium, goblet cells, Clara cells, ciliated cells, glands, hyaline cartilage, smooth muscle, elastic fibers.
- Particles smaller than 5 µm are not stopped by the respiratory track.
Respiratory Tract Defense Mechanisms
- Defense mechanisms include mucins (antimicrobial), mucociliary removal, surfactant, submucosal glands, and barrier functions.
- Mechanisms related to pathogenic clearance and cellular defense are illustrated.
Ciliated Epithelium (Respiratory Tract)
- Microscopic images are provided illustrating aspects of the ciliated epithelium in the respiratory tract.
Respiratory Tract Cilia in Action
- Images/video demonstrate the mechanical action of cilia, illustrating the movement of microbes and secretions in the respiratory tract. (1000 RPM).
Infectious Respiratory Tract Colonization
- Pathways involved in the infectious colonization of the respiratory tract are described and illustrated.
- The steps and mechanisms of colonization, including the breach, are important to understand.
Respiratory Microbiota (Lecture 2)
- Various organisms as part of the normal respiratory microbiota presented in an illustration, providing examples of potentially harmful microbes.
- List: Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Staph. aureus, Strep. viridans, Strep. mutans, Strep. salivarius, Strep. mitis, Enterobacteriaceae, Strep. pneumoniae, Strep. oralis, Haemophilus, Granulicatella, Gemella, Actinomyces, Lactobacillus, Propionibacterium, Conynebacterium, Bifidobacterium, Neisseria, Veillonella, Streptococci, Staphylococci, Neisseria, Micrococcus.
- Illustrative figures of the different kinds of microbes prevalent in this environment are presented.
Pathogens of the Respiratory Tract
- Categorized types of pathogens are illustrated and discussed: professional invaders (successfully infecting the normal tract), and secondary invaders which are opportunistic pathogens infecting when host defenses are weakened.
Professionals (Invading Respiratory Pathogens)
- Illustrative examples are shown including the Influenza virus, Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae), Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Secondary Respiratory Tract Pathogens
- Shows examples like Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae where these are secondary invaders, infecting when the host defenses are low or depressed.
- Illustrations and discussion describe depressed resistance factors and immune responses.
Systemic/Deep Mycoses
- Systemic mycoses are commonly airborne.
- Spores are illustrated, and the spread, via inhalation and causing primary pulmonary infection.
- Fungal sources (soil, bird/bat feces, bats) are emphasized—and their role in infection.
Viruses: The Good News
- Acquired through close contact, often during childhood.
- Usually asymptomatic and transient.
- Leading to sustained protective immune responses.
- Viruses exhibit low survival in the environment.
- Vaccines are available, as prevention.
Viruses: The Bad News
- Clinical presentation diagnosis varies (serology/PCR).
- Generic early symptoms like fever, malaise, and rash occur.
- Some viruses may be life-threatening immediately (e.g. SARS).
- Few treatments are available, such as antiherpetics/antiretrovirals.
- Problems with treatments like effectiveness and resistance; e.g. aciclovir.
- Clinical presentations may be worsened in immunocompromised patients; virus reactivation; oncogenesis occurs in some cases, such as Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and others.
- Viruses often survive longer than expected; infection often airborne or in bodily fluids.
- Multiple varieties are present for many viruses.
Respiratory Tract Infections (Lecture 3)
- This lecture introduces the identification of respiratory tract infections, including common cold, nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis/tonsilitis.
- Includes identification of relevant pathogens as well as relevant symptoms and treatments.
Common Cold (Nasopharyngitis)
- Inflammation of the nose mucous membrane.
- Rhinovirus, replication at 33°C.
- Affecting 10% of the UK population or approximately 2-3 times per year.
- Common cold viruses, Coxsackie virus A, EBV, and HSV are mentioned.
- Other pathogens like Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neisseria gonorrhoea, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Common Cold Symptoms & Treatment
- Mild, self-limiting (48 hours) symptoms—like: stuffy nose, nasal discharge, sneezing, facial swelling, and sore throat.
- Treatments include: antidecongestants, analgesics, and antibiotics.
- Prevention, including Influenza vaccines (H1N1)..
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- EBV infections are common amongst young adults (~90% of the population) causing infectious mononucleosis or “kissing disease”.
- CMV infections more common during childhood.
- EBV can cause several symptoms like malaise, fever, soft palate petechiae, sore throat, jaundice, lymph node enlargement, splenomegaly.
- CMV can be asymptomatic, or cause similar symptoms. Some infections can lead to meningitis, retinitis, or fetal damage.
Streptococcus Bacteria & Pharyngitis
- Over 600 million cases of Group A streptococci-related pharyngitis a year.
- Affects children from 5 to 15 years old.
- Gram-positive cocci (bacteria).
- Commonly found in the nose and throat, and spread via contact.
- Group A Streptococci (GAS), i.e., S. pyogenes
- ẞ-hemolytic group that are commonly found in the nose and throat.
Bacterial Pharyngitis/Tonsilitis (Strep Throat)
- Generic features include sore throat, fever, malaise, headache, and patchy exudates.
- Cervical lymphadenopathy, chills, and mucositis (oral) may accompany the signs.
Influenza (Orthomyxovirus)
- Clinical diagnosis includes aerosol inhalation.
- Infections can cause complications amongst children and the elderly.
- Leading cause of death related to infection in the United States (~20,000 deaths per year.)
- Signs include whole tract infections, such as sore throat, nasal congestion, headaches, tiredness, dry cough, myalgia.
- Influenza can be pandemic threatening.
- The three different strains identified, A, B, and C, are based on molecular patterns and their clinical properties.
Influenza Virus
- The biological mechanism of the influenza virus with a 3D view and some of its components—like hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and M2 ion channel—illustrated.
Cold versus Flu Comparison
- Symptoms comparison between the common cold and influenza.
Pneumonia
- Inhalation of aerosols, microbiota aspiration, and blood.
- Common infection cause of death worldwide.
- Common agents are viral, bacterially transmitted and spread from children to adults, with adults having around 480,000 cases annually in the UK.
- Risk factors for pneumonia include: age, influenza, and existing issues like CF.
- The secondary bacterial pneumonia (as a complication) is often life-threatening and pandemic.
Pneumonia Pathogens
- An overview of various bacteria not commonly associated with pneumonia.
Pneumonia (Clinical)
- Signs and symptoms of pneumonia.
Pneumonia (Laboratory)
- Diagnostic laboratory tools.
CRP
- CRP can be used to help diagnosis, especially in cases of patients with a history of respiratory illness.
Pneumonia Therapy
- Antibiotic treatment options by the different kinds of agents involved.
Key Abbreviations and Terminology
- Explains abbreviations used in the previous slide.
X-Ray Images and Conditions
- Diagnostic X-ray images of respiratory conditions such as tuberculosis and pneumonia, along with some associated conditions.
Tuberculosis and Fungal Infections
- Only a small number of respiratory diseases directly cross the lung fissures, with a high prevalence of TB and fungal infections.
Cardiovascular Infections (CVS)
- The lecture covers cardiovascular infections.
Fever (Clinical)
- Overview of fever, defining the condition and its characteristics as an indicator of infection.
Fevers of Unknown Origin (FUO)
- Defined as the persistent, high body temperatures, that lack identifiable cause.
Fever Pattern and Infective Agents
- Fever patterns (continuous or intermittent) may provide clues for their associated infectious culprit or conditions.
Respiratory Infection Treatment
- Respiratory infections often require appropriate treatment, with antibiotic regimens and their implications.
Infective Endocarditis
- Overview of the inflammation of the heart lining (and valves).
- Main factors are damaged or artificial valves, congenital issues, implanted medical devices, IVD abuse, or bloodstream infections.
- The incidence in the UK is 4000 cases per year.
- The condition is rare in healthy patients .
- Increased incidence is due to age, the prevalence of valve disease and other conditions.
Infective Endocarditis (Pathogens)
- Detailed information on the various causative agents for infective endocarditis (IE).
Infective Endocarditis (Diagnosis)
- Diagnosing infective endocarditis via blood cultures. Other approaches; serology; echocardiogram.
Infective Endocarditis Treatment
- Considerations including antibiotic therapies.
- Potential delays for treatment depending on the specifics of diagnosis
False Negatives in Blood Cultures
- False negative results in blood tests—and potential reasons
- Including prior antibiotic treatments, characteristics of specific microorganisms, or the reduction in the levels of microbes in vegetation.
Learning Outcomes
- Students are expected to recognize various pathogens (bacteria, viral, fungal, and parasitic) affecting the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
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Description
Test your knowledge on infectious diseases with a focus on respiratory infections and infective endocarditis. This quiz covers various symptoms, causes, and classifications related to these health conditions. Challenge yourself and see how much you really know about bacteria and respiratory health!
