Infectious Diseases and Environmental Impact Quiz

<p>Industrial emissions and vehicle exhaust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flea bites from infected rodents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By inhaling bacteria from infected individuals' body fluids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are capable of adapting and evolving (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A living organism that transmits a pathogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pollutants often interact with each other in complex ways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sequestration of $CO_2$ and filtering out air pollutants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using chemical pesticides liberally to eradicate pests rapidly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By disrupting the preferred food source and life cycle patterns of pests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Luring pests towards specific plants where they will lay their eggs, away from the crop. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contamination of water sources and harm to non-target species, including consumers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Tragedy of the Commons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing water runoff and soil erosion by creating level platforms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perennial crops retain a root structure in the ground, reducing soil erosion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce soil erosion by diminishing the force of wind on topsoil. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides organic matter that enriches the soil and traps soil moisture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutagen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mercury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emerging disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The interaction of pollutants causing a greater effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple routes of exposure to many pollutants complicate study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pesticides act as a selective pressure, favoring pre-existing resistant traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The monoculture of GM crops reduces genetic diversity and could increase vulnerability to disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The increasing cycle where pests develop resistance to pesticides, requiring new or stronger treatments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replacement of natural surfaces with impervious materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surface and groundwater contamination due to waste runoff and greenhouse gas emissions such as methane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ammonia (N). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The increased manufacturing of cement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By lowering water table pressure, allowing saltwater to seep into freshwater aquifers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Free-range grazing generally reduces the need for antibiotics because the animal population is dispersed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Access to more job opportunities, entertainment, and cultural attractions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topsoil erosion and potential desertification. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement of people from dense urban centers to less dense suburban areas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meat production requires the resources for growing plants to feed animals, plus the resources for animals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decline in tax revenue and city services. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When overfishing causes a 90% population decline in a fishery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They make commuting easier and encourages people to live in less dense suburbs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inbreeding depression and reduced ability to recover in the fish population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It kills non-target species and stirs up ocean sediment, damaging coral reef structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent development beyond a designated zone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mixed land use that incorporates residential, business and entertainment areas within the same section of the city. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moving from harvesting larger predator fish to smaller fish species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases infiltration, thus reducing groundwater recharge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decline of the species that rely on small fish for food. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dolphins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fertilizer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By allowing stormwater to infiltrate and recharge groundwater. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents overgrazing and soil erosion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soak runoff into the ground surrounding storm drains. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased impervious surfaces and reduced urban runoff. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorb certain air pollutant like NO2 and PM. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To add nutrients back to the soil and prevent erosion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the need for fertilizers since different plants use different nutrients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By neutralizing acidic soil and adding calcium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soil compaction and erosion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can stimulate faster pasture growth and deeper root systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small requirement for space, water and fuel. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High risk of water contamination from waste and antibiotics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased soil erosion, and stream temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced shade and increased sediment deposition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By reducing the soil’s capacity to retain water and root systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clearcutting removes all trees, while selective only removes some. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stabilizing soil and preventing it from being washed away (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It minimizes soil compaction compared to the use of heavy machinery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of shade leads to greater insolation on the water and stream bed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can maintain a stable ecosystem, and ensure the long term growth of that species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It releases stored carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By compacting the soil, reducing its water holding capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective removal of diseased trees (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To harvest trees in sections, allowing for regrowth and some habitat preservation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to the buildup of dry biomass, increasing the fuel load (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce dead biomass and recycle nutrients, preventing larger fires (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon sequestration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volatile organic compounds, nitrogen dioxide, and particulates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows more sunlight to reach the water, increasing its temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreased dissolved oxygen levels, making it difficult for aquatic life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased soil stability due to loss of root structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soil has a lower albedo, absorbing more sunlight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A large, intense, and dangerous fire (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Burning all dead trees to make space for new growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide habitat for a wide variety of organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parasites transmitted through mosquito bites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes soil erosion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormally small heads in newborns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases turbidity and temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SARS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased flooding and landslides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zika Virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Birds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tuberculosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased biodiversity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased soil compaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces biodiversity by creating uniform tree stands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases competition among trees for resources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They filter air pollutants and store carbon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can reduce genetic diversity in crops. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By emitting greenhouse gases through fossil fuel use. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It releases greenhouse gases, including CO2 and N2O. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased soil erosion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By taking in CO2 during photosynthesis and converting it to sugar. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can lead to decreased biodiversity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their stomata absorb pollutants like NO2 and PM. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monoculture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It makes the forest less adaptable to diseases and disasters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They create economic opportunities and promote wildlife watching. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the ability to filter air pollutants and store carbon. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases biodiversity by reducing the variety of crops grown. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cause eutrophication in nearby waters. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can lead to the decline of non-target species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The saturation of soil with water, limiting oxygen access. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deforestation and the release of greenhouse gases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents waterlogging and promotes efficient water use. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive irrigation leading to salt buildup. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decrease in water table levels due to excessive groundwater extraction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential drowning of plant roots due to saturated conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have permeable layers that allow water to percolate rapidly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can leach into groundwater and contaminate it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can bioaccumulate and harm predatory bird species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It minimizes water loss compared to flood or furrow irrigation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce a pesticide that targets corn pests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A substance that causes cancer.

An agent (chemical or virus) that can harm a developing embryo or fetus.

A disease that appears in a population for the first time or reappears after a long absence.

A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease affecting a large population.

A worldwide epidemic, affecting multiple continents.

A living organism (virus, bacteria, fungus, protist, worm) that causes an infectious disease.

A living organism (rat, mosquito) that carry and transmit pathogens to other organisms.

Infectious diseases are capable of being spread or transmitted (HIV, ebola, Covid-19); noninfectious diseases are not transmissible (heart disease, asthma, cancer, diabetes).

The spread of pathogens and vectors is affected by climate change, which shifts equatorial climate zones north and south, bringing warmer temperatures to subtropical and temperate regions.

Less developed, poorer countries typically have higher rates of infectious diseases due to factors like less sanitary waste disposal, lack of safe drinking water, and limited access to healthcare.

A bacterial infection transmitted by fleas, which attach to mice and rats.

A bacterial infection that mainly targets the lungs.

Bacterial infection caused by contaminated food or water, usually due to sewage release. Causes intestinal problems and dehydration.

A type of cancerous tumor caused by exposure to asbestos, affecting the respiratory tract, heart, or abdomen.

A gas (O3) that worsens respiratory conditions, irritates the eyes, and constricts airways.

The process of cutting down all trees in an area, usually for timber or land clearing.

The loss of soil due to erosion caused by wind and water, often a result of clearcutting.

The increase in sediment in a stream or river, often caused by soil erosion from clearcutting.

An increase in the temperature of soil or water, often caused by the loss of shade from trees after clearcutting.

The process of logging machinery compressing soil, reducing its ability to absorb and hold water.

The reduction in the ability of soil to absorb and hold water, often caused by soil compaction and drying out.

The occurrence of excessive water overflowing onto land, often caused by increased runoff from clearcutting.

A mass of soil and rock moving down a slope, often triggered by heavy rainfall and the loss of root structure from clearcutting.

The replacement of diverse, mature forests with single-species forests, typically consisting of fast-growing trees.

The decrease in the variety of species within a forest ecosystem, often a result of tree plantations.

The ability of an ecosystem to withstand and recover from disturbances like floods, droughts, or disease outbreaks.

Planting the same species of tree in a large area, all at the same age, creates a monoculture. This eliminates natural diversity, making the forest vulnerable to disease and pests, and reducing habitats for various species.

The removal of all trees in a large area. This often leads to the creation of tree plantations, reducing biodiversity and negatively impacting the environment.

The ability of a forest to absorb and store harmful pollutants from the atmosphere through the leaves of trees. This natural process helps improve air quality and reduce the effects of pollution.

The process by which trees absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and store it as carbon in their tissues, wood, and roots. It helps mitigate climate change by reducing the amount of greenhouse gases in the air.

A method of clearing land for agriculture by cutting down trees and then burning the remaining vegetation. This releases vast amounts of stored carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and water vapor into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.

A period of significant advancements in agricultural technology, primarily in the mid-20th century, that aimed to increase food production and combat hunger. It involved the widespread adoption of techniques like high-yielding varieties of crops, fertilizers, pesticides, mechanization, and irrigation.

The Green Revolution resulted in a shift from small, family farms to large-scale industrial agriculture, which increased food production and efficiency but also had negative environmental consequences.

The use of heavy machinery like tractors and combines in agriculture. This increased yield and profits but also led to increased reliance on fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions, and soil compaction.

Genetically modified crops (GMOs) are engineered to have desirable traits like drought tolerance, pest resistance, or faster growth. They can increase yield and profits but also raise concerns about genetic diversity and potential environmental impacts.

The deliberate application of fertilizers to crops, often in the form of synthetic nitrogen and phosphorus. While enhancing yield, they can also contribute to water pollution and environmental degradation.

The use of artificial systems to supply water to crops, especially in dry regions. This can improve yield but also contribute to depletion of groundwater resources and potential salinization of soils.

The use of pesticides to control pests and weeds, often as a part of modern agricultural practices. While protecting crops, they can also harm beneficial organisms and contribute to pollution and resistance.

The Green Revolution led to increased food production, decreasing global hunger, and expanding carrying capacity for humans. However, it came with negative consequences like soil erosion, biodiversity loss, and water contamination.

The Green Revolution focused on increasing efficiency and productivity in agriculture, aiming to produce more crops and feed a growing population, often with little regard for environmental sustainability or long-term impacts.

Chemicals designed to kill pests, such as rodents, fungi, insects, or plants.

The overuse of pesticides can lead to the development of resistance in pests, making them harder to control.

The process of genetically modifying crops to introduce traits like pest resistance, enhancing their disease resilience and reducing reliance on pesticides.

The use of pesticides can create a cycle where pests become resistant, requiring stronger or more frequent pesticide applications, leading to further resistance.

A type of concentrated animal farming where animals are raised in densely populated areas with high feed input, often using antibiotics and growth hormones.

Large, open storage pits for animal waste (manure) in CAFOs.

A farming practice where livestock graze freely on pastures, promoting natural growth and limiting antibiotic use.

The overuse of grazing land by livestock, depleting vegetation, compacting soil, and leading to erosion.

The practice of moving livestock to different grazing areas periodically to prevent overgrazing and promote sustainable land use.

The decline of a fish population due to overfishing, making it difficult for the population to recover.

A fishing technique where a large net is dragged along the ocean floor, catching large quantities of fish while also harming other marine life and damaging habitats.

Unintended species trapped in fishing nets during fishing activities.

A fishing practice that progressively targets smaller and smaller fish species as larger, predator fish populations decline due to overfishing, disrupting the natural food web.

The decline of one species in a food web can have cascading effects, negatively impacting other species and the overall ecosystem.

The economic impact of overfishing, leading to reduced profits for fishermen and negative consequences for communities reliant on fishing.

Growing a single type of crop over a large area, like all corn or all wheat.

The practice of breaking up and mixing the soil before planting, often using machinery.

Clearing land for agriculture by cutting down trees and burning them. It returns nutrients to the soil, but causes environmental harm.

The process of adding synthetic (man-made) fertilizers to the soil to provide plants with essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Using water from rivers, lakes, or underground sources to irrigate crops and make farming possible in dry regions.

When excessive irrigation leads to the build-up of salts in the soil, making it difficult for plants to grow.

The process of water saturating the soil, filling all spaces with water and preventing roots from getting oxygen.

Underground layers of rock and sediment that hold usable groundwater for human use.

When excessive pumping of groundwater lowers the water table, creating a cone-shaped depression around the well.

When excessive groundwater pumping near a coastline lowers the water table, allowing salty seawater to seep into freshwater aquifers.

A large, unconfined aquifer underlying the western Plains of the US, providing irrigation water for agriculture. It is being depleted faster than it can recharge.

The loss of organic matter and nutrients from the soil over time, due to tilling and other agricultural practices.

The movement of excess nutrients, like nitrates and phosphates, from fertilizers into groundwater or surface water.

The process of excessive nutrient loading into water bodies, leading to algal blooms that can cause oxygen depletion and harm aquatic life.

The increase in the amount of tiny particles, like dust and soil, in the air, often caused by tillage and other agricultural practices.

The process of converting natural landscapes into urban areas, replacing vegetation, soil, and wetlands with impervious surfaces like concrete and asphalt.

The loss of vegetation during urbanization leads to reduced groundwater recharge as precipitation runs off impervious surfaces.

The removal of vegetation during urbanization leads to a loss of trees for carbon sequestration, and the decomposition of cut trees releases carbon dioxide.

Excessive groundwater withdrawal near coastlines can lower the water table pressure, allowing saltwater to seep into freshwater aquifers.

Urban sprawl refers to the outward growth of urban areas into surrounding rural areas, often characterized by lower population density.

Cheaper property in suburbs, easier commutes via cars, and a domino effect of people leaving cities contribute to urban sprawl.

A zoning law that restricts development beyond a designated boundary, aiming to curb urban sprawl and preserve natural areas.

The environmental consequences of urban runoff include decreased groundwater recharge and pollution of local surface waters.

Permeable pavement is specially designed to allow stormwater to infiltrate the ground, reducing runoff and pollution.

Rain gardens are strategically planted in urban areas, especially around storm drains, to absorb stormwater and reduce runoff.

Public transportation systems decrease the number of cars on the road, reducing urban runoff, road pollutants, and CO2 emissions.

Building vertically reduces impervious surfaces, decreasing urban runoff and promoting a more compact city development model.

Green roofs are vegetated rooftop areas that help reduce urban runoff, filter air pollutants, and sequester carbon dioxide.

The general trend in many countries is a shift from rural areas to denser urban areas.

A method of controlling pests that uses a combination of biological, physical, and chemical methods to minimize environmental disruption and pesticide use.

Using natural predators, parasites, or competitors to control pest populations.

Planting a different crop each season to disrupt pest life cycles and prevent them from becoming established.

Planting different crops together to provide habitat for natural pest predators or to repel pests.

A practice that uses techniques to minimize erosion and preserve soil health.

A method of plowing parallel to the natural slopes of the land to prevent water runoff and soil erosion.

Creating flat platforms of soil into a steep slope to catch water runoff and prevent soil erosion.

Plants that live year-round and are harvested numerous times, helping to prevent soil erosion and maintain soil health.

Using trees or other plants to block the force of the wind, preventing topsoil erosion.

Leaving crop residues in the soil instead of tilling them under, improving soil health and reducing erosion.

The loss of soil due to erosion caused by wind and water, often a result of clearcutting.

The increase in sediment in a stream or river, often caused by soil erosion from clearcutting.

An increase in the temperature of soil or water, often caused by the loss of shade from trees after clearcutting.

The process of logging machinery compressing soil, reducing its ability to absorb and hold water.

The reduction in the ability of soil to absorb and hold water, often caused by soil compaction and drying out.

The occurrence of excessive water overflowing onto land, often caused by increased runoff from clearcutting.

A mass of soil and rock moving down a slope, often triggered by heavy rainfall and the loss of root structure from clearcutting.

The practice of putting out all natural forest fires as soon as they start.

The buildup of dead biomass in a forest due to the suppression of natural fires.

The practice of intentionally setting small, controlled fires in forests to reduce dead biomass and promote nutrient recycling.

The removal of diseased trees to prevent the spread of infection through the entire forest.

Replanting trees in areas that have been deforested.

Planting a non-cash crop between harvests to improve soil fertility, suppress weeds, and prevent erosion.

A type of fertilizer made from leftover plant matter, often from cover crops.

A rock that releases calcium carbonate when applied to soil, raising soil pH and neutralizing acidity.

The farming of aquatic organisms, such as fish, shellfish, and seaweed, in controlled environments.

The farming of aquatic organisms in cages or enclosures submerged in water.

Forest management practices designed to minimize environmental damage and ensure sustainable timber production.

The practice of only harvesting some of the trees in an area, leaving others to provide habitat and prevent soil erosion.