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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of obstructive hydrocephalus?
What is the primary cause of obstructive hydrocephalus?
- Inflammation of the cerebral cortex
- Blockage of cerebrospinal fluid (correct)
- Compression of the jugular veins
- Excess production of cerebrospinal fluid
Which congenital malformation results in abnormal brain and cranial cavity development?
Which congenital malformation results in abnormal brain and cranial cavity development?
- Hydrocephalus
- Anencephaly (correct)
- Spina bifida
- Cerebral palsy
Where does venous blood from the brain drain into?
Where does venous blood from the brain drain into?
- Large venous sinuses in the dura (correct)
- Ventricles of the brain
- Jugular veins
- Arterial circle at the base of the brain
What type of muscle paralysis results from peripheral nervous system damage?
What type of muscle paralysis results from peripheral nervous system damage?
From which embryonic layer does the nervous system develop?
From which embryonic layer does the nervous system develop?
What is responsible for the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid?
What is responsible for the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the result of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?
What is the result of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?
What can concussions, caused by head blows, lead to?
What can concussions, caused by head blows, lead to?
What can different types of hemorrhages resulting from head injuries present?
What can different types of hemorrhages resulting from head injuries present?
What can arteriosclerosis of extracranial arteries cause?
What can arteriosclerosis of extracranial arteries cause?
What is the most serious type of stroke usually resulting from?
What is the most serious type of stroke usually resulting from?
What is multi-infarct vascular dementia a result of?
What is multi-infarct vascular dementia a result of?
What is the term used to define muscle tone and voluntary motor activity?
What is the term used to define muscle tone and voluntary motor activity?
Which technique is commonly used for prenatal diagnosis of closure defects of the central nervous system?
Which technique is commonly used for prenatal diagnosis of closure defects of the central nervous system?
What type of stroke is characterized by a blocked or narrowed blood vessel supplying the brain?
What type of stroke is characterized by a blocked or narrowed blood vessel supplying the brain?
What is the primary cause of hydrocephalus?
What is the primary cause of hydrocephalus?
Which type of tumor affects the central nervous system and arises from glial cells?
Which type of tumor affects the central nervous system and arises from glial cells?
What is the major underlying pathology in Parkinson's disease?
What is the major underlying pathology in Parkinson's disease?
What is the function of the meninges in relation to the CNS?
What is the function of the meninges in relation to the CNS?
Which type of neuroglia provides structure, nourishment, and immune protection for neurons?
Which type of neuroglia provides structure, nourishment, and immune protection for neurons?
What is the role of myelin sheaths in neuron signaling?
What is the role of myelin sheaths in neuron signaling?
Which part of the brain regulates balance, muscle tone, and coordination?
Which part of the brain regulates balance, muscle tone, and coordination?
What is the function of the spinal cord in relation to signal conduction?
What is the function of the spinal cord in relation to signal conduction?
Which infection is characterized by symptoms like stiff neck, headache, fever, and vomiting?
Which infection is characterized by symptoms like stiff neck, headache, fever, and vomiting?
What type of infection can be diagnosed by testing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for elevated white blood cells (WBC) and protein in the presence of infection?
What type of infection can be diagnosed by testing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for elevated white blood cells (WBC) and protein in the presence of infection?
Which viral infection can cause manifestations ranging from mild symptoms to fatal encephalitis?
Which viral infection can cause manifestations ranging from mild symptoms to fatal encephalitis?
Which childhood disease can lead to muscle weakness and paralysis?
Which childhood disease can lead to muscle weakness and paralysis?
What is the cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
What is the cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Which fatal viral infection can be spread through saliva and causes severe encephalitis?
Which fatal viral infection can be spread through saliva and causes severe encephalitis?
Which condition is characterized by a temporary episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a brief interruption in the blood supply to a part of the brain?
Which condition is characterized by a temporary episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a brief interruption in the blood supply to a part of the brain?
What type of stroke is characterized by a sudden blockage of an artery in the brain?
What type of stroke is characterized by a sudden blockage of an artery in the brain?
Which neurodegenerative disorder is associated with tremors, bradykinesia, and muscle rigidity?
Which neurodegenerative disorder is associated with tremors, bradykinesia, and muscle rigidity?
What type of tumor affects the central nervous system and arises from the cells that support and nourish the neurons?
What type of tumor affects the central nervous system and arises from the cells that support and nourish the neurons?
Which viral infection affects the central nervous system and is often transmitted through the bite of an infected animal?
Which viral infection affects the central nervous system and is often transmitted through the bite of an infected animal?
What term describes the continuous and passive partial contraction of muscles, which helps to maintain posture and readiness for movement?
What term describes the continuous and passive partial contraction of muscles, which helps to maintain posture and readiness for movement?
What is the primary cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
What is the primary cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Which viral infection can cause manifestations ranging from mild symptoms to fatal encephalitis?
Which viral infection can cause manifestations ranging from mild symptoms to fatal encephalitis?
What is the major underlying pathology in Parkinson's disease?
What is the major underlying pathology in Parkinson's disease?
Which type of neuroglia provides structure, nourishment, and immune protection for neurons?
Which type of neuroglia provides structure, nourishment, and immune protection for neurons?
What is the result of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?
What is the result of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?
What is responsible for the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid?
What is responsible for the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid?
Which neuroglia is responsible for myelinating axons in the central nervous system?
Which neuroglia is responsible for myelinating axons in the central nervous system?
What is the primary function of the subarachnoid space?
What is the primary function of the subarachnoid space?
Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned as playing a critical role in regulating physical and mental health functions?
Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned as playing a critical role in regulating physical and mental health functions?
Which part of the brain is responsible for receiving sensory input and initiating voluntary motor responses?
Which part of the brain is responsible for receiving sensory input and initiating voluntary motor responses?
What is the main function of the blood-brain barrier?
What is the main function of the blood-brain barrier?
What type of nervous system controls involuntary movements such as heart rate and digestion?
What type of nervous system controls involuntary movements such as heart rate and digestion?
Which type of hemorrhage can result from a head injury and is associated with potential medical emergencies?
Which type of hemorrhage can result from a head injury and is associated with potential medical emergencies?
What is the most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus?
What is the most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus?
Which condition results from cumulative brain damage due to small strokes and is often linked to hypertension?
Which condition results from cumulative brain damage due to small strokes and is often linked to hypertension?
What can chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) result from?
What can chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) result from?
Which type of stroke can be caused by cerebral thrombosis, embolus, or hemorrhage?
Which type of stroke can be caused by cerebral thrombosis, embolus, or hemorrhage?
What is the primary cause of anencephaly?
What is the primary cause of anencephaly?
Which type of paralysis results from central nervous system damage?
Which type of paralysis results from central nervous system damage?
What is the function of the Circle of Willis?
What is the function of the Circle of Willis?
What is obstructive hydrocephalus caused by?
What is obstructive hydrocephalus caused by?
Which congenital malformation results in protrusion of meninges and nerve tissue through vertebral arches?
Which congenital malformation results in protrusion of meninges and nerve tissue through vertebral arches?
Study Notes
Infections of the Nervous System: Key Points
- Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a "mini stroke" caused by small clots, with 1/3 of cases progressing to stroke within 5 years.
- Meningitis is an infection affecting the meninges, with symptoms like stiff neck, headache, fever, and vomiting.
- Encephalitis is an infection of brain tissue, leading to altered level of consciousness and neurologic symptoms depending on the affected brain area.
- CNS infections are diagnosed by testing CSF for elevated WBC and protein in the presence of infection.
- Bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens can be detected in CSF, causing various types of nervous system infections.
- Bacterial and fungal meningitis can be caused by organisms like Haemophilus influenzae and can be spread from chronic lung infections.
- Viral infections affecting the CNS include measles, mumps, and herpes simplex virus, with manifestations ranging from mild symptoms to fatal encephalitis.
- Rabies is a fatal viral infection spread through saliva, causing severe encephalitis and is often transmitted by animals like bats and dogs.
- Arboviruses like West Nile virus and Zika virus can cause meningitis and encephalitis, with potential severe neurological effects.
- Poliomyelitis is a childhood disease that can lead to muscle weakness and paralysis, with post-polio syndrome affecting recovered patients.
- HIV can cause various nervous system manifestations, including AIDS-related tumors and infections caused by opportunistic pathogens.
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is caused by a small protein particle, with most cases being sporadic and some linked to inherited mutations.
Central Nervous System and Neural Tube Defects
- The arterial circle at the base of the brain, known as the Circle of Willis, is formed by the joining of vessels.
- Venous blood from the brain drains into large venous sinuses in the dura, which then drain into the jugular veins.
- The central nervous system is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and protected by the cranium and vertebral column.
- The brain has four cavities called ventricles, responsible for the production and flow of CSF.
- Voluntary motor activity is controlled by nerve impulses originating in the upper motor neurons of the cerebral cortex.
- There are two types of muscle paralysis: spastic paralysis, resulting from central nervous system damage, and flaccid paralysis, resulting from peripheral nervous system damage.
- The nervous system develops from the ectoderm and appears as a thickened band of cells known as the neural plate.
- Anencephaly and spina bifida are the two most common congenital malformations of the nervous system.
- Anencephaly occurs when the upper part of the neural tube fails to close, resulting in abnormal brain and cranial cavity development.
- Spina bifida is the failure of closure of the spinal cord, resulting in various clinical manifestations when meninges and nerve tissue protrude through the defect in vertebral arches.
- Cerebrospinal fluid provides cushioning, homeostasis, and immunologic protection for the central nervous system.
- Obstructive hydrocephalus is caused by a blockage of cerebrospinal fluid, often due to tumors, fibrous adhesions, or trauma, and is treated by shunting the excess fluid into the peritoneal cavity or right atrium.
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Description
Test your knowledge about various infections affecting the nervous system, including meningitis, encephalitis, and other CNS infections caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
