57 Questions
What is the primary cause of obstructive hydrocephalus?
Blockage of cerebrospinal fluid
Which congenital malformation results in abnormal brain and cranial cavity development?
Anencephaly
Where does venous blood from the brain drain into?
Large venous sinuses in the dura
What type of muscle paralysis results from peripheral nervous system damage?
Flaccid paralysis
From which embryonic layer does the nervous system develop?
Ectoderm
What is responsible for the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid?
The brain ventricles
What is the result of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?
Depression and neurodegenerative brain disorders later in life
What can concussions, caused by head blows, lead to?
Headaches, memory loss, and light sensitivity
What can different types of hemorrhages resulting from head injuries present?
Different medical emergencies
What can arteriosclerosis of extracranial arteries cause?
Cerebral infarct, necrosis, and degeneration of brain tissue due to lack of oxygen supply
What is the most serious type of stroke usually resulting from?
The rupture of a cerebral artery in individuals with hypertension
What is multi-infarct vascular dementia a result of?
Cumulative brain damage from small strokes
What is the term used to define muscle tone and voluntary motor activity?
Spasticity
Which technique is commonly used for prenatal diagnosis of closure defects of the central nervous system?
Ultrasound imaging
What type of stroke is characterized by a blocked or narrowed blood vessel supplying the brain?
Ischemic stroke
What is the primary cause of hydrocephalus?
Obstruction in the flow or absorption of CSF
Which type of tumor affects the central nervous system and arises from glial cells?
$Astrocytoma$
What is the major underlying pathology in Parkinson's disease?
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
What is the function of the meninges in relation to the CNS?
They surround the CNS and contain cerebrospinal fluid and connective tissue
Which type of neuroglia provides structure, nourishment, and immune protection for neurons?
Astrocytes
What is the role of myelin sheaths in neuron signaling?
Improving conduction speed
Which part of the brain regulates balance, muscle tone, and coordination?
Cerebellum
What is the function of the spinal cord in relation to signal conduction?
Conducts signals to the body and contains sensory and motor reflex neurons
Which infection is characterized by symptoms like stiff neck, headache, fever, and vomiting?
Meningitis
What type of infection can be diagnosed by testing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for elevated white blood cells (WBC) and protein in the presence of infection?
CNS infections
Which viral infection can cause manifestations ranging from mild symptoms to fatal encephalitis?
Herpes simplex virus
Which childhood disease can lead to muscle weakness and paralysis?
Poliomyelitis
What is the cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Small protein particle
Which fatal viral infection can be spread through saliva and causes severe encephalitis?
Rabies
Which condition is characterized by a temporary episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a brief interruption in the blood supply to a part of the brain?
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
What type of stroke is characterized by a sudden blockage of an artery in the brain?
Ischemic stroke
Which neurodegenerative disorder is associated with tremors, bradykinesia, and muscle rigidity?
Parkinson disease
What type of tumor affects the central nervous system and arises from the cells that support and nourish the neurons?
Glioma
Which viral infection affects the central nervous system and is often transmitted through the bite of an infected animal?
Rabies
What term describes the continuous and passive partial contraction of muscles, which helps to maintain posture and readiness for movement?
Muscle tone
What is the primary cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Inherited mutations in a small protein particle
Which viral infection can cause manifestations ranging from mild symptoms to fatal encephalitis?
Herpes simplex virus
What is the major underlying pathology in Parkinson's disease?
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
Which type of neuroglia provides structure, nourishment, and immune protection for neurons?
Astrocytes
What is the result of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?
Progressive degenerative disease of the brain
What is responsible for the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cells
Which neuroglia is responsible for myelinating axons in the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes
What is the primary function of the subarachnoid space?
Protection of the brain and spinal cord
Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned as playing a critical role in regulating physical and mental health functions?
$eta$-endorphin
Which part of the brain is responsible for receiving sensory input and initiating voluntary motor responses?
$ ext{Cerebral cortex}$
What is the main function of the blood-brain barrier?
$ ext{Prevention of pathogens/toxins from entering the CNS}$
What type of nervous system controls involuntary movements such as heart rate and digestion?
Autonomic nervous system
Which type of hemorrhage can result from a head injury and is associated with potential medical emergencies?
Subdural hemorrhage
What is the most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus?
Obstruction in the ventricle system
Which condition results from cumulative brain damage due to small strokes and is often linked to hypertension?
Multi-infarct vascular dementia
What can chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) result from?
Repeated head injuries
Which type of stroke can be caused by cerebral thrombosis, embolus, or hemorrhage?
\text{Ischemic stroke}
What is the primary cause of anencephaly?
Failure of closure of the upper part of the neural tube
Which type of paralysis results from central nervous system damage?
Spastic paralysis
What is the function of the Circle of Willis?
To provide collateral circulation to the brain
What is obstructive hydrocephalus caused by?
Blockage of cerebrospinal fluid flow
Which congenital malformation results in protrusion of meninges and nerve tissue through vertebral arches?
Myelomeningocele
Study Notes
Infections of the Nervous System: Key Points
- Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a "mini stroke" caused by small clots, with 1/3 of cases progressing to stroke within 5 years.
- Meningitis is an infection affecting the meninges, with symptoms like stiff neck, headache, fever, and vomiting.
- Encephalitis is an infection of brain tissue, leading to altered level of consciousness and neurologic symptoms depending on the affected brain area.
- CNS infections are diagnosed by testing CSF for elevated WBC and protein in the presence of infection.
- Bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens can be detected in CSF, causing various types of nervous system infections.
- Bacterial and fungal meningitis can be caused by organisms like Haemophilus influenzae and can be spread from chronic lung infections.
- Viral infections affecting the CNS include measles, mumps, and herpes simplex virus, with manifestations ranging from mild symptoms to fatal encephalitis.
- Rabies is a fatal viral infection spread through saliva, causing severe encephalitis and is often transmitted by animals like bats and dogs.
- Arboviruses like West Nile virus and Zika virus can cause meningitis and encephalitis, with potential severe neurological effects.
- Poliomyelitis is a childhood disease that can lead to muscle weakness and paralysis, with post-polio syndrome affecting recovered patients.
- HIV can cause various nervous system manifestations, including AIDS-related tumors and infections caused by opportunistic pathogens.
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is caused by a small protein particle, with most cases being sporadic and some linked to inherited mutations.
Central Nervous System and Neural Tube Defects
- The arterial circle at the base of the brain, known as the Circle of Willis, is formed by the joining of vessels.
- Venous blood from the brain drains into large venous sinuses in the dura, which then drain into the jugular veins.
- The central nervous system is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and protected by the cranium and vertebral column.
- The brain has four cavities called ventricles, responsible for the production and flow of CSF.
- Voluntary motor activity is controlled by nerve impulses originating in the upper motor neurons of the cerebral cortex.
- There are two types of muscle paralysis: spastic paralysis, resulting from central nervous system damage, and flaccid paralysis, resulting from peripheral nervous system damage.
- The nervous system develops from the ectoderm and appears as a thickened band of cells known as the neural plate.
- Anencephaly and spina bifida are the two most common congenital malformations of the nervous system.
- Anencephaly occurs when the upper part of the neural tube fails to close, resulting in abnormal brain and cranial cavity development.
- Spina bifida is the failure of closure of the spinal cord, resulting in various clinical manifestations when meninges and nerve tissue protrude through the defect in vertebral arches.
- Cerebrospinal fluid provides cushioning, homeostasis, and immunologic protection for the central nervous system.
- Obstructive hydrocephalus is caused by a blockage of cerebrospinal fluid, often due to tumors, fibrous adhesions, or trauma, and is treated by shunting the excess fluid into the peritoneal cavity or right atrium.
Test your knowledge about various infections affecting the nervous system, including meningitis, encephalitis, and other CNS infections caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
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