67 Questions
Which of the following is a component of the host immune system?
Adaptive immunity
What are the common infection complications associated with immunodeficiencies?
Neutropenic fever
Which type of microorganism is a normal inhabitant of the human body?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which microorganism regularly causes disease in individuals with intact defense system?
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Which microorganism causes disease mostly in immunocompromised individuals?
Candida spp.
What is the key difference between primary pathogens and opportunistic pathogens?
Ability to breach the host immunity
Which term describes a host with the ability to mount a normal immune response?
Immunocompetent
Which type of infection is commonly associated with neutropenic fever?
Fungal infection
Which type of infection is commonly associated with solid organ or haemopoietic stem cell transplantation?
Bacterial infection
Which term describes a microorganism capable of causing disease?
Pathogen
Which organism is commonly associated with Ecthyma gangrenosum?
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the definition of neutropenia?
An absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 0.02 x 109/L
In transplant recipients, fever may be a poor indicator of infection due to what reason?
Atypical presentation or atypical radiological/histological findings
Which book provides a molecular perspective of microbial pathogenicity?
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
Which of the following is a pitfall in transplant recipients?
All of the above
Which organism is commonly associated with septic shock in neutropenic patients?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which type of immunodeficiency is associated with atypical presentation or atypical radiological/histological findings?
Transplant recipients
Which of the following can be unreliable in transplant recipients?
Assays based on antibody detection
Which book provides an introduction to the immune response?
Primer to the Immune Response
Which of the following is associated with dampened immune response in transplant recipients?
All of the above
Which cells are part of the innate immune system?
Neutrophils
Which type of immunity is characterized by a slower response and long-lived responding cells?
Adaptive immunity
What is the main difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency?
Primary immunodeficiency is genetic, while secondary immunodeficiency is acquired
What are common causes of secondary immunodeficiency?
Trauma or surgery
What types of pathogens are immunocompromised hosts predisposed to?
All of the above
What is the main difference between B cell immunodeficiency and T cell immunodeficiency?
B cell immunodeficiency affects the production of immunoglobulins, while T cell immunodeficiency affects T cells
What type of organisms are individuals with T cell immunodeficiency predisposed to?
Viruses
What is the main symptom of primary immunodeficiency?
Persistent right lower quadrant abdominal pain
What is the main symptom of secondary immunodeficiency?
Low-grade fever
What is the main difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency in terms of their causes?
Primary immunodeficiency is caused by genetic mutations, while secondary immunodeficiency is caused by events that damage the immune system
Which organization recommends evaluating the necessity of catheterization?
CDC
Which organization recommends reviewing the ongoing need for catheter regularly?
EAU
Which organization recommends using the smallest bore catheter possible?
IDSA
Which organization recommends maintaining a closed drainage system?
HICPAC
Which organization recommends using barrier precautions for insertion?
CDC
Which organization recommends using aseptic technique/sterile equipment?
IDSA
Which organization recommends maintaining the drainage bag below the level of the bladder?
EAU
Which of the following is a common type of healthcare-associated infection?
Urinary Tract Infection
Which infection has the highest infection rate among device-related healthcare-associated infections?
Bloodstream Infection
Which route of entry of uropathogens to the catheterized urinary tract involves contamination of the collection bag urine?
Break in closed drainage
What enables organisms to avoid host defenses, resist antibiotic therapy, and provide a reservoir for ongoing infection if the catheter is not removed?
Biofilm formation
Which factor has the highest relative risk for catheter-associated urinary tract infection?
Prolonged catheterization > 6 days
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for catheter-associated urinary tract infection?
Drainage tube below level of bladder and above collection bag
Which book is referenced for the information on risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infection?
Emerg Infect Dis. 2001 Mar-Apr;7(2):342-7
Which infection control measure is NOT part of the 5 Point Care Bundle implemented in the Michigan Experience?
Chlorhexidine skin antisepsis 2% solution
What was the median rate of catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CABSI) after 18 months of implementing the 5 Point Care Bundle in the Michigan Experience?
0
What is the estimated cost of the five most common hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in the United States in 2012?
9.8 billion (~ 100 億美元 )
What is the estimated cost of the corresponding HAIs in 2012?
1.8 billion (~ 18 億港元)
What is the estimated cost of Surgical Site Infections (SSI) in 2012?
3.3 billion (~ 33 億美元)
What is the estimated cost of Surgical Site Infections (SSI) in Hong Kong dollars in 2012?
0.6 billion (~ 6 億港元)
How many ICUs were included in the Michigan Experience?
103
How many doctors and nurses were assigned to each ICU in the Michigan Experience?
1 doctor & 1 nurse
Which vein was preferred for optimal catheter site selection in the Michigan Experience?
Subclavian vein
Which type of surgery is antibiotic prophylaxis appropriate for?
Clean surgery involving the placement of prosthesis or implant
What is the preferred type of antibiotics for surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis?
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics
When should surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis be administered?
Within 120 minutes prior to incision
What is the recommended method for skin preparation at the surgical site?
Clip the surgical site at least 2 hours before surgery
What should be done before surgical hand preparation?
Remove rings, wrist-watch, and bracelets
What should be used for surgical hand antiseptic products?
Alcohol-based handrub
What should be done to maintain normothermia during surgery?
Maintain the patient's core temperature
Which of the following is the preferred antibiotic for surgical prophylaxis in clean surgery involving the placement of prosthesis or implant according to the text?
Cefazolin
What is the recommended time frame for administering surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis before incision according to the text?
Within 120 minutes
Which of the following is NOT recommended for surgical hand preparation according to the text?
Using artificial fingernails
What is the recommended method for incision site care according to the text?
Cover operative wound with sterile dressing and keep intact for 24-48 hours
What is the main purpose of maintaining normothermia (core temp. 36-38oC) pre- and intraoperatively according to the text?
To suppress neutrophil and macrophage activity
What is the recommended duration for keeping the operative wound covered with a sterile dressing according to the text?
24-48 hours
Which of the following is NOT recommended for ventilation and environment in the operating theater according to the text?
Negative room air pressure relative to the corridor
Test your knowledge on infections in immunocompromised hosts with this quiz! Learn about the components of the host immune system and the common infections complications associated with different types of immunodeficiencies. Identify the microbes typically associated with neutropenic fever, solid organ or haemopoietic stem cell transplant infections, and more.
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