Infections and Transmission
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of tissue invasion by microorganisms that causes disease?

  • Spread of infection through infected saliva
  • Multiplication of microorganisms in the body of the host (correct)
  • Transmission of infection between patients and health care professionals
  • Reactivation of the varicella zoster virus

    • Which type of infection is characterized by the transmission of infection between patients and health care professionals?

  • Parasitic infection
  • Cross-infection (correct)
  • Bacterial infection
  • Viral infection

    • What is the incubation period of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)?

  • 2-12 weeks
  • 2-12 days (correct)
  • 2-12 years
  • 2-12 months

    • Which of the following is a complication of HSV infection?

    <p>Eczema herpeticum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antiviral medications is used to treat HSV infection?

    <p>Acyclovir and Valacyclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the pseudomembranous type of oral candidiasis?

    <p>Thin yellow membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of parasitic infection can result in granulomatous growth involving the mouth and nose?

    <p>Leishamania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Trichomonas and Entamoeba?

    <p>Metrondiazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of diagnosis for parasitic infections?

    <p>Needle aspiration or Biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the erythematous type of oral candidiasis?

    <p>Redness of skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Leishmaniasis?

    <p>Pentamidine and Amphotericine B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complication of herpes zoster that acyclovir treatment has no effect on?

    <p>Post-herpetic neuralgia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the virus that causes chicken pox?

    <p>Varicella zoster virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for infectious mononucleosis?

    <p>4-14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test used to diagnose infectious mononucleosis?

    <p>Monospot test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complication of mumps that occurs in 20-25% of post-puberty cases?

    <p>Orchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the portal of entry for the SARS-CoV-2 virus?

    <p>Mucosal membrane of the oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by the Rubella virus?

    <p>German measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the receptor used by the SARS-CoV-2 virus to penetrate host cells?

    <p>ACE2 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of transmission for the SARS-CoV-2 virus from a person without symptoms?

    <p>Presymptomatic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the virus that causes COVID-19?

    <p>SARS-CoV-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transmission is not traceable to an index patient?

    <p>Environmental transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease?

    <p>Coxsackie virus B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for enteroviral infections?

    <p>Topical steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of erythema infectiosum?

    <p>Parvovirus B19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for erythema infectiosum?

    <p>No specific treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of active immunity?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way to prevent Hepatitis B?

    <p>Vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary type of virus that causes Hepatitis B?

    <p>DNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of Whooping cough?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way to diagnose Whooping cough?

    <p>Using paranasal swabs and culture on bordet-gengou medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Infections

    • An infection is a process of tissue invasion by microorganisms, where they multiply in the body of the host to cause disease.
    • There are four types of infections:
      • Bacterial
      • Fungal
      • Viral
      • Parasitic

    Cross-Infection

    • Cross-infection is the transmission of infection between patients and patients, and healthcare professionals.

    Viral Infections

    • Examples of viral infections:
      • CMV (Cytomegalovirus)
      • Hepatitis virus
      • HSV1 and HSV2 (Herpes Simplex Virus)
      • HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
      • Measles
      • Mumps
      • Influenza
      • Rubella
      • Adenovirus
    • HSV1 and HSV2:
      • HSV1 is spread by infected saliva
      • HSV2 is spread by sexual contact
      • Incubation period: 2-12 days
      • Clinical features:
        • Orolabialis infection (oral herpes)
        • Sore throat, fever
        • Vesicles on pharynx, buccal mucosa, gingiva, and tongue
        • Lymphadenopathy (enlargement of lymph nodes)
        • Recurrence
      • Associated infections:
        • HSV-1: eye infections (blindness can occur)
        • HSV-2: genital/anal infections
      • Complications:
        • Encephalitis (affects temporal lobes)
        • Neonatal (mortality is 60% for newborns; c-section may be needed)
        • Erythema multiforme (skin reaction)
        • Eczema herpeticum (virus affects a large part of the skin)
      • Treatment:
        • Acyclovir
        • Valacyclovir

    Herpes Zoster

    • Herpes zoster is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus.
    • Clinical features:
      • Radicular pain (pain that radiates from the back and hip into the legs through the spine)
      • Hyperaesthesia (increase of sensitivity) of overlying skin
      • Rash
      • Erythema caused by inflamed blood capillaries
      • Oral, palatal, or pharyngeal involvement if the trigeminal nerve is affected
    • Complications:
      • Post-herpetic neuralgia
      • Meningitis (neurological)
    • Treatment:
      • Acyclovir
    • Complication that treatment has no effect on:
      • Post-herpetic neuralgia

    Infectious Mononucleosis

    • Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.
    • Incubation period: 4-14 days
    • Clinical features:
      • Anorexia, malaise, fever
      • Sore throat
      • Cervical lymphadenopathy (swelling of lymph nodes)
      • Macular rash due to ampicillin
      • Palatal petechiae
      • Palpable spleen
      • Jaundice in 10% of cases
    • Complications:
      • Hepatitis
      • Respiratory obstruction
      • Ruptured spleen
    • Diagnosis:
      • Monospot test

    Chicken Pox

    • Chicken pox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus.
    • Incubation period: 14-16 days
    • Clinical features:
      • Rash that starts on the scalp/trunk and then spreads to limbs and face
      • Vesicles dry and crust
      • Pruritis (itchiness)
      • Shallow ulcers on mucous membranes
    • Complications:
      • Cellulitis/impetigo
      • Pneumonia
      • Acute cerebellar ataxia, Reye's syndrome (neurological)
      • Congenital abnormalities
    • Treatment:
      • Antihistamines
      • Acyclovir (for severe cases/complications)

    Mumps

    • Mumps is caused by the paramyxovirus (RNA).
    • Incubation period: 16-21 days
    • Spread:
      • Droplets from saliva and nasopharyngeal secretions
    • Clinical features:
      • Asymptomatic in 40%
      • Fever, malaise
      • Enlargement of 1/both parotids
      • Earache and displacement of earlobe
      • Partoid papillae inflamed
      • Difficulty in swallowing
      • Submandibular glands may be affected
    • Complications:
      • Neurological: aseptic meningitis, encephalitis
      • Orchitis (common in post-puberty, 20-25%)
      • Non-parotid mumps: ovaries, thyroid, pancreas, breasts
    • Treatment:
      • Good oral hygiene
      • Bed rest

    Childhood Exanthemas

    • Examples of childhood exanthemas:
      • Measles
      • German measles
      • Enteroviral infection
      • Infectious mononucleosis
      • Scarlet fever
      • Erythema infectiosum
      • Roseola infantum
      • Drug eruption

    Measles and German Measles

    • Measles is caused by the paramyxovirus (RNA).
    • Incubation period: 10 days
    • Clinical features:
      • Conjunctivitis (red eyes)
      • Lymphadenopathy
      • Koplik's spots (white spots on the inside of the cheeks)
      • Florid maculopapular rash (begins behind the ears and spreads to the face and trunk, with brown discoloration remaining after)
    • Complication:
      • Gingivostomatitis
    • German measles (Rubella) is caused by the Rubella virus (RNA).
    • Incubation period: 14-21 days
    • Clinical features:
      • Fever, malaise, catarrhal
      • Lymphadenopathy
      • Rash that starts on the face and then spreads to limbs
    • Complication:
      • Congenital Rubella (important for pregnant women)

    COVID-19

    • Disease: COVID-19
    • Virus: SARS-CoV-2
    • How the virus works:
      • Uses the membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor of the host to penetrate the cells
    • Portals of entry:
      • Mucosal membrane of the oral cavity
      • Respiratory tract
      • Eyes
    • Categories of transmission:
      • Symptomatic transmission (direct from a COVID-19 patient)
      • Presymptomatic transmission (direct from a SARS-CoV-2 positive person without symptoms yet)
      • Asymptomatic transmission (direct from a SARS-CoV-2 positive person who never develops symptoms)
      • Environmental transmission (indirect transmission which is not traceable to an index patient)

    Enteroviral Infections

    • Enteroviral infections are caused by the coxsackie virus A and B.
    • Example: Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
    • Clinical features:
      • Malaise, fever, anorexia
      • Sore mouth and throat
      • Vesicular rash involving buccal mucosa with or without the tongue, palate, or gingiva
      • Hands are involved in 65% of cases
      • Feet are often affected
    • Treatment:
      • Topical steroids to treat ulceration

    Erythema Infectiosum

    • Erythema infectiosum is caused by the parvovirus B19.
    • Clinical features:
      • Rash (livid erythema of the cheeks, "slapped cheeks")
      • Maculopapular rash on feet and hands
    • Diagnosis:
      • Clinically
    • Treatment:
      • No specific treatment

    Active and Passive Immunity

    • Active immunity:
      • Components:
        • Live attenuated vaccines
        • Inactivated organisms
        • Immunizing components of organisms
        • Toxoid (inactivated toxin)
    • Passive immunity:
      • Components:
        • Natural transmission from mother to fetus
        • Artificial (high levels of human/non-human immunoglobulin)

    Hepatitis B and C

    • Hepatitis B and C:
      • Transmission:
        • Via contact with infected blood
      • Hepatitis B:
        • Type of virus: DNA virus
        • Incubation period: 45-180 days
        • Prevention: Vaccination
    • Hepatitis C:
      • Type of virus: RNA virus
      • Percentage of individuals with overt Hep C: 10% (acute phase is usually asymptomatic)
      • Clinical features:
        • Lichenoid reaction
        • Xerostomia

    HIV Infection

    • HIV infection:
      • Diseases strongly associated with HIV infection:
        • CHKN (Candidiasis, Hairy Leukoplakia, Kaposi's Sarcoma, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma)

    Scarlet Fever

    • Scarlet fever:
      • Caused by: Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci which produces erythrogenic toxin
      • Clinical features:
        • Rash (diffuse erythema which blanches on pressure)
        • Skin folds are dark

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    Description

    Learn about the different types of infections, including bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic, and how they can be transmitted between patients and healthcare professionals.

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