Infection Transmission and Maintenance
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes horizontal transmission from vertical transmission?

  • Vertical transmission only takes place in arthropods.
  • Horizontal transmission can involve multiple hosts while vertical transmission is typically limited to one host generation. (correct)
  • Horizontal transmission occurs from mother to offspring.
  • Vertical transmission involves direct contact between infected individuals.

    • Which of the following best describes an example of direct transmission of infectious agents?

  • Transmission through contaminated water.
  • Spread of infection via aerosolized droplets.
  • Transfer of disease through bites from infected arthropods.
  • Infection passed from an infected mother to her offspring during gestation. (correct)

    • What method is commonly associated with both horizontal and vertical transmission?

  • Indirect contact through contaminated surfaces.
  • Environmental persistence of pathogens.
  • Transovarial transmission in insect vectors. (correct)
  • Ingestion of infected food or water.

    • Which factor does NOT usually affect the spread of infection in a population?

    <p>The total number of births per year in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common route of infection for zoonotic diseases?

    <p>Consumption of raw or undercooked meat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is primarily transmitted through vertical transmission?

    <p>HIV/AIDS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characterizes trans-stadial transmission?

    <p>Persistence of a pathogen in a vector during its life cycle stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best illustrates reverse zoonotic disease transmission?

    <p>A person contracting a disease from their pet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is commonly known to be transmitted both horizontally and vertically?

    <p>Brucellosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective strategy for maintaining the infection of a zoonotic disease?

    <p>Quarantine of infected animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes vertical transmission?

    <p>Transmission from mother to offspring at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease represents a significant risk for reverse zoonosis?

    <p>Highly pathogenic avian influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of disease transmission is least likely for Classical swine fever?

    <p>Ingestion from mother’s milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of horizontal transmission, which of the following is a critical factor in the spread of infectious diseases among animal populations?

    <p>Population density and contact rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes zoonotic diseases from reverse zoonotic diseases?

    <p>Zoonotic diseases originate in animals and can infect humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is primarily transmitted via vectors, especially mosquitoes, illustrating the importance of environmental factors in disease transmission?

    <p>Surra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between horizontal and vertical transmission of diseases?

    <p>Horizontal transmission occurs between individuals of the same generation, while vertical transmission is from parent to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes zoonotic diseases?

    <p>Diseases that can infect both animals and humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT commonly used for the transfer of infectious agents among animals?

    <p>Genetic transfer through reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following routes of disease transmission involves factors in the environment?

    <p>Environmental transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective strategy for maintaining infection control during an outbreak?

    <p>Implementing quarantine measures for affected animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly defines reverse zoonoses?

    <p>Diseases transferred from humans to animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the critical steps in breaking the cycle of disease transmission?

    <p>Educating about hygiene and sanitation practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the methods of disease transmission in animals from those affecting humans?

    <p>Animal diseases can utilize various transmission routes, including zoonotic pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Transmission and Maintenance of Infection

    • Horizontal Transmission - Transfer of an infectious agent from one infected individual to another
      • Types of Hosts:
        • Definitive host: The host in which the infectious agent undergoes either sexual reproduction or a critical developmental stage in its life cycle.
        • Intermediate host: A host that harbors an infectious agent for a period and makes it more readily available to a definitive host.
        • Paratenic host: A host that does not have a significant role in the infectious agent’s survival but in which the agent may be ingested, remain dormant, and be passed to another host.
      • Factors influencing the spread of infection:
        • Infectious agent: Virulence, infectivity, and survival outside the host
        • Host: Immunity, age, and susceptibility
        • Environment: Temperature, humidity, and presence of vectors
      • Routes of infection:
        • Direct contact: Skin-to-skin or mucous membrane contact
        • Indirect contact: Touching contaminated objects
        • Inhalation: Breathing in contaminated air
        • Ingestion: Consuming contaminated food or water
        • Vector-borne: Transmission through a living organism, such as mosquitos, ticks, or fleas
    • Vertical Transmission: Transfer of an infectious agent from an infected parent(s) to their offspring
      • Types:
        • Transplacental: Transmission across the placenta during pregnancy
        • Transmammary: Transmission through breast milk
        • Transovarian: Transmission through the egg from parent to offspring
      • Immunological status and vertical transmission: Maternal immunity is passed to offspring during vertical transmission, offering initial protection
        • Transovarial and trans-stadial transmission in arthropods: Transmission of infectious agents through the eggs and from one developmental stage to another in arthropod vectors
    • Maintenance of Infection: Survival and persistence of an infectious agent within a population
      • Hazards to infectious agents: Environmental factors, such as UV light, desiccation, and temperature fluctuations, that threaten survival
      • Maintenance strategies:
        • Reservoirs: Hosts that harbor and transmit the infectious agent without displaying clinical disease
        • Carriers: Individuals who harbor and can transmit an infectious agent but may or may not be showing clinical signs.
        • Zoonotic diseases: Diseases transmitted from animals to humans
        • Reverse zoonoses: Diseases transmitted from humans to animals

    Skill-building Activities

    • African swine fever:

      • Horizontal Transmission: Direct contact with infected pigs, contaminated pork products, and fomites
      • Vertical Transmission: NOT POSSIBLE

    • Anthrax:

      • Horizontal Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated feed or water, inhalation of spores, direct contact with infected animals or their carcasses
      • Vertical Transmission: NOT POSSIBLE

    • Aujeszky's disease:

      • Horizontal Transmission: Direct contact with infected pigs, contaminated feed or water, or respiratory secretions
      • Vertical Transmission: Transplacental and transmammary

    • Bluetongue:

      • Horizontal Transmission: Vector-borne transmission (through biting insects, primarily midges of the Culicoides genus)
      • Vertical Transmission: Transplacental

    • Brucellosis (Brucella abortus):

      • Horizontal Transmission: Direct contact with infected animals, inhalation of contaminated material, or consumption of contaminated milk and dairy products
      • Vertical Transmission: Transplacental and transmammary

    • Classical swine fever:

      • Hospital Transmission: Direct contact with infected pigs, contaminated feed or water, or contact with infected secretions or excretions
      • Vertical Transmission: Transplacental

    • Highly pathogenic avian influenza:

      • Horizontal transmission: Inhalation, direct contact, contact with contaminated feed or water
      • Vertical Transmission: NOT POSSIBLE

    • Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease):

      • Horizontal Transmission: Contact with infected birds or their excretions, through contaminated feed, water, or equipment
      • Vertical Transmission: Transovarian

    • Japanese encephalitis:

      • Horizontal Transmission: Vector-borne transmission (through the bite of infected mosquitoes)
      • Vertical Transmission: NOT POSSIBLE

    • Newcastle disease:

      • Horizontal Transmission: Contact with infected birds, contaminated feed, or water, or inhalation of contaminated aerosols
      • Vertical Transmission: Transovarian

    • Pullorum disease:

      • Horizontal Transmission: Contact with infected birds, contaminated feed, or water
      • Vertical Transmission: Transovarian and transmammary

    • Rabies:

      • Horizontal Transmission: Bite or scratch from an infected animal, contact with saliva from an infected animal, ingestion of infected tissue
      • Vertical Transmission: Transplacental transmission is possible in some species, but rabies is not typically transmitted vertically

    • Surra (Trypanosoma evansi):

      • Horizontal Transmission: Vector-borne transmission (through the bite of infected tsetse flies, horseflies, and other biting insects)
      • Vertical Transmission: Transplacental

    • Transmissible gastroenteritis:

      • Horizontal Transmission: Direct contact with infected pigs, contaminated feed or water
      • Vertical Transmission: Transplacental and transmammary

    • Trichinellosis:

      • Horizontal Transmission: Ingestion of undercooked or raw meat from infected animals, particularly pork, wild game, and bear
      • Vertical Transmission: NOT POSSIBLE

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    PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Session 9 PDF

    Description

    Explore the mechanisms of horizontal transmission of infectious agents and the roles of various host types. This quiz covers factors influencing the spread of infection, including the characteristics of infectious agents, host immunity, and environmental conditions. Challenge your understanding of infection routes and host interactions.

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