Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes 'infectivity' in the context of infectious diseases?
Which of the following best describes 'infectivity' in the context of infectious diseases?
- The severity of the disease caused by a microorganism.
- The microorganism's ability to infect and cause disease in the host.
- The ability of a pathogen to induce an immune response.
- The ability of a pathogen to invade and multiply in the host. (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a typical portal of entry for a pathogenic microorganism?
Which of the following is NOT a typical portal of entry for a pathogenic microorganism?
- Ingestion of contaminated food or water.
- Direct contact with a contaminated surface.
- Inhalation of airborne droplets.
- Injection through a vaccine. (correct)
Which of the following host factors is LEAST likely to increase the risk of infection?
Which of the following host factors is LEAST likely to increase the risk of infection?
- Regular exercise. (correct)
- Recent antibiotic use.
- Malnutrition.
- Advanced Age.
What is the primary difference between exotoxins and endotoxins in bacterial infections?
What is the primary difference between exotoxins and endotoxins in bacterial infections?
What is the role of mobile appendages, such as flagella, in bacterial pathogenesis?
What is the role of mobile appendages, such as flagella, in bacterial pathogenesis?
Which of the following is the most direct consequence of antimicrobial resistance?
Which of the following is the most direct consequence of antimicrobial resistance?
What is a key mechanism by which bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics?
What is a key mechanism by which bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics?
A patient is prescribed antibiotics for a bacterial infection. Which of the following potential complications should the healthcare provider discuss with the patient?
A patient is prescribed antibiotics for a bacterial infection. Which of the following potential complications should the healthcare provider discuss with the patient?
Regarding the pathogenesis of infection, what immediately follows the penetration of initial defenses by a pathogen?
Regarding the pathogenesis of infection, what immediately follows the penetration of initial defenses by a pathogen?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of 'bacteremia?'
Which of the following is the most accurate description of 'bacteremia?'
Which of the following factors differentiates communicability from virulence in the context of infectious diseases?
Which of the following factors differentiates communicability from virulence in the context of infectious diseases?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a microorganism's invasion mechanism?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a microorganism's invasion mechanism?
How does bacteremia differ fundamentally from septicemia?
How does bacteremia differ fundamentally from septicemia?
Considering portals of entry, which of the following infections is LEAST likely to occur through inhalation?
Considering portals of entry, which of the following infections is LEAST likely to occur through inhalation?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between environmental sanitation and the risk of infection?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between environmental sanitation and the risk of infection?
A bacterium inhibits phagocytosis, produces toxins, and demonstrates antimicrobial resistance. Which of the following strategies would MOST effectively address all three virulence mechanisms simultaneously?
A bacterium inhibits phagocytosis, produces toxins, and demonstrates antimicrobial resistance. Which of the following strategies would MOST effectively address all three virulence mechanisms simultaneously?
What is the fundamental difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?
What is the fundamental difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?
How do anti-phagocytic factors contribute to bacterial virulence?
How do anti-phagocytic factors contribute to bacterial virulence?
What is the significance of bacterial movement from initial defenses to lymph nodes and the blood system in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections?
What is the significance of bacterial movement from initial defenses to lymph nodes and the blood system in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections?
Which of the following mechanisms is LEAST likely to contribute to antimicrobial resistance in bacteria?
Which of the following mechanisms is LEAST likely to contribute to antimicrobial resistance in bacteria?
Flashcards
Pathogenicity
Pathogenicity
Microorganism’s ability to infect and cause disease in the host.
Virulence
Virulence
Microorganism’s ability to cause severe disease or harm to the host.
Infectivity
Infectivity
Ability of pathogen to invade and multiply in the host.
Communicability
Communicability
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Immunogenicity
Immunogenicity
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Bacteremia
Bacteremia
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Portal of entry
Portal of entry
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Exotoxins
Exotoxins
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Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance
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Gram stain reaction
Gram stain reaction
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Microbial Adherence
Microbial Adherence
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Invasion
Invasion
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Bacterial Etiology
Bacterial Etiology
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Bacterial Mediators
Bacterial Mediators
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Antimicrobial Resistance Causes
Antimicrobial Resistance Causes
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Portal of Entry Examples
Portal of Entry Examples
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Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
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Gram Negative Bacilli
Gram Negative Bacilli
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Sepsis
Sepsis
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Vaccines Role
Vaccines Role
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Study Notes
Infection & Immune Dysfunction
- Infection is the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms within a host.
- Pathogenicity: A microorganism's ability to infect and cause disease in a host.
- Microbial Adherence: The ability of a microorganism to attach to and enter a host.
- Invasion: The mechanism by which a microorganism enters and invades a host.
- Communicability: The ability of a disease to spread from one person to another.
- Virulence: The ability of a microorganism to cause severe disease or harm to a host.
- Immunogenicity: Ability of pathogens to evoke an immune response.
- Infectivity: Ability of a pathogen to invade and multiply in a host.
- Bacteremia: Presence of bacteria in the blood.
- Septicemia: Growth of bacteria in the blood.
Infection
- Portal of entry: Route by which a pathogenic microorganism infects the host.
- Direct contact
- Inhalation
- Ingestion
- Bites of an animal or insect
Risk Factors
- Environmental:
- Sanitation
- Air quality
- Living conditions
- Climate
- Host:
- Malnutrition
- Age
- Chronic illness
- Stress
- Immunosuppression
- Recent antibiotic use
Bacterial Infection
Etiology: Bacteria
- Inhibit phagocytosis
- Produce toxins
- Single-celled:
- Cocci
- Bacilli
- Vibrio
- Spirilla
- Oxygen requirement:
- Aerobic
- Anaerobic
- Gram stain reaction:
- Gram +
- Gram -
- Acid-fast
Bacterial Infection Mediators
- Toxins
- Exotoxins: proteins that contribute to disease
- Endotoxins: lipopolysaccharides that trigger inflammation
- Enzymes
- Endospores
- Anti-phagocytic factors
- Mobile appendages (e.g., flagella, pili)
- Antimicrobial resistance
Bacterial Infection Pathogenesis
- Penetrate initial defenses
- Multiply and create a colony
- Overwhelm lymph nodes and blood system
- Stimulate immune response
- Move in the body via fluids
- Bacteremia, sepsis, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
Pathogenesis & Clinical Manifestations
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other infections)
- Streptococcus pyogenes (can cause strep throat, scarlet fever, and other infections)
- Staphylococcus aureus (can cause skin infections, pneumonia, and other infections)
- Gram-negative bacilli (e.g., E. coli, Klebsiella)
- Haemophilus influenzae (can cause meningitis and other infections)
- Clostridium difficile (causes severe diarrhea)
- Salmonella (causes food poisoning and other infections)
- Shigella (causes dysentery)
Treatment Implications
- Antibiotics
- Complications: Antimicrobial resistance (due to overuse and inappropriate use)
- Destruction of vaginal and GI flora (leading to opportunistic infections)
- Side effects: Anaphylactic shock (severe allergic reaction)
- Stimulate immune response: Vaccines (to prevent infections)
Antimicrobial Resistance
- Causes:
- Sub-therapeutic dosing
- Excessive antibiotic use
- Resistance mechanisms:
- Enzymes inactivating antibiotics; antibiotic inactivation
- Creating targets no longer susceptible to antibiotics; altered antibiotic targets
- Preventing entry into cells
- Actively pumping antibiotics out of cells; antibiotic efflux
Antimicrobial resistance pathogenesis
- Chance mutation in the bacteria
- Proliferation of mutated bacteria
- Survive antibiotic exposure
- Examples – Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
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