Infection Control & Susceptibility
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Questions and Answers

What does an increased white blood cell (WBC) count typically suggest?

  • The inflammatory response is blunted
  • There is decreased inflammation
  • The patient has a chronic condition
  • The body is fighting an infection (correct)

Which of the following conditions can increase a person's susceptibility to infections?

  • Diabetes (correct)
  • Elevated vaccination status
  • Healthy nutritional status
  • Intact skin integrity

What is a crucial infection prevention strategy?

  • Compromising skin integrity
  • Ignoring travel history
  • Vaccination (correct)
  • Avoiding antimicrobial therapy

Which age group is generally more vulnerable to infections?

<p>The elderly (over 65) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) indicate?

<p>Presence of inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors should be assessed to determine a patient's infection susceptibility?

<p>Recent travel history (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of antimicrobial therapy?

<p>To fight bacterial and fungal infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can poor nutrition lead to?

<p>Weakened immune system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does smoking have on the respiratory tract's defenses?

<p>It damages the respiratory tract's defenses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can antibiotics affect the body's microbial balance?

<p>By eliminating beneficial bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is maceration?

<p>Tissue softening due to prolonged moisture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for material expelled from the lungs by coughing?

<p>Sputum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do invasive medical procedures like catheterization increase the risk of infection?

<p>By introducing a pathway for microbes to enter sterile areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age groups are generally more susceptible to infections?

<p>The very young and the very old. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'purulent' mean?

<p>Containing or forming pus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the skin as people age that increases the risk of infection?

<p>The skin loses structure and function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a localized infection?

<p>An infection contained in a specific area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Gram stain?

<p>To distinguish types of bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an underlying health condition that increases infection risk?

<p>Diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of wounds provide entry points for microbes?

<p>Cuts, abrasions, and punctures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color do Gram-positive bacteria appear after a Gram stain?

<p>Purple (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of culturing a sample?

<p>To identify infectious agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does PPE stand for in medical terms?

<p>Personal Protective Equipment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is environmental hygiene important in a surgical setting?

<p>To maintain a clean environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the assessment include when evaluating a wound?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of items come into contact with intact skin and require disinfection?

<p>Non-critical items (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a care plan integrate to decrease the risk of infection?

<p>Infection prevention and control principles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of eliminating reservoirs of infection?

<p>To reduce the number and types of organisms present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of aseptic technique in wound care?

<p>To maintain a sterile environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of personal protective equipment (PPE)?

<p>Gloves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is collaboration with registered dietitians crucial?

<p>To ensure proper nutrition for the patient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are disinfectants used for?

<p>Inanimate object microorganism elimination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does patient education on proper hygiene, nutrition, and wound care include?

<p>Recommending ways to prepare healthy foods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are antiseptics used for?

<p>Reducing microorganisms on living tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a balanced diet consist of?

<p>Foods from all food groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of surface requires different cleaning and sterilization procedures?

<p>Porous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact have childhood immunizations had on diseases?

<p>Significantly decreased the occurrence of these diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects?

<p>Disinfection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides nutritional support, what else aids in recovery and immune function?

<p>Sufficient rest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process removes or destroys all forms of microbial life, including spores?

<p>Sterilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a high-level disinfectant?

<p>Glutaraldehyde (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of sterilization processes?

<p>To eliminate all forms of microbial life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a high-level disinfectant (HLD) chemical?

<p>Hydrogen peroxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is recommended to contain respiratory secretions?

<p>Using tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What spatial distance is recommended from others when coughing?

<p>At least three feet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of high-level disinfection (HLD) chemicals?

<p>Disinfecting heat-sensitive instruments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of respiratory hygiene, when should hand hygiene be performed?

<p>After contact with respiratory secretions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of O-PAA?

<p>Ortho-phthalaldehyde (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sputum

Material expelled from the lungs by coughing or spitting.

Purulent

Containing or forming pus, indicating infection.

Localized Infection

An infection contained to a specific area of the body.

Generalized Infection

An infection affecting the entire body.

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Gram Stain

A method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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Culture

Process of growing microorganisms to identify them in the lab.

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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Clothing and gear to protect against infectious agents.

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Infection Treatment Considerations

Treatment approach varies by infection type and severity.

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Signs of Wound Infection

Indicators such as redness, warmth, or drainage in a wound.

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Risk Factors for Infection

Pre-existing conditions, type of surgery, and overall health that increase infection chances.

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Infection Prevention Measures

Strategies including hand hygiene, wound care, and aseptic technique to prevent infections.

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Hand Hygiene Importance

Frequent and proper handwashing to reduce infection risk.

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Nutritional Support Role

Adequate nutrition strengthens immune defenses and aids in healing.

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Education on Hygiene

Teaching patients the significance of hygiene for infection prevention.

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Childhood Immunizations

Vaccines like measles and diphtheria reduce disease occurrences in children.

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Nutritional Requirements Variability

Nutritional needs differ based on age, condition, and lifestyle.

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Non-critical Items

Items that contact intact skin and require disinfection.

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Infection Control Strategies

Methods to reduce infection risk by eliminating reservoirs and supporting defenses.

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Disinfectants

Chemicals used on inanimate objects to kill microorganisms.

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Antiseptics

Used on living tissues to reduce microorganisms on the skin.

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Disinfection

Process that eliminates many pathogenic microorganisms except spores on objects.

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Sterilization

Process that removes or destroys all microbial life, including spores.

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Factors Affecting Disinfection Effectiveness

Surface type, organism number, organism type, and disinfectant concentration influence disinfection success.

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Risk Factors for Respiratory Infections

Conditions that increase susceptibility to respiratory tract infections, such as smoking and certain medications.

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Impact of Smoking

Smoking damages the defenses in the respiratory tract, increasing infection risk.

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Altered Gas Concentrations

High oxygen/carbon dioxide levels can affect the respiratory system's ability to fight infections.

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Role of Humidity and Temperature

Changes in humidity and temperature can influence microbial growth and survival in the respiratory tract.

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Antibiotics and Microbial Balance

Antibiotics can disrupt the normal microbial flora, potentially leading to increased infection risk.

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Types of Wounds

Cuts, abrasions, and punctures create entry points for microbes, increasing infection risk.

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Invasive Procedures and Infection Risk

Invasive medical procedures, like catheterization, can introduce bacteria to sterile areas, heightening infection risk.

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Age as a Risk Factor

Both the very young and very old are more susceptible to infections due to immune system maturity or decline.

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High-Level Disinfection (HLD)

HLD is the disinfection process that eliminates all microorganisms except large numbers of bacterial spores.

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Glutaraldehyde

A high-level disinfectant effective against bacteria, viruses, and spores, often used for medical instruments.

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Hydrogen Peroxide

A high-level disinfectant that releases oxygen, used for sterilizing surfaces and instruments.

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O-PAA (Ortho-phthalaldehyde)

A high-level disinfectant used mainly for heat-sensitive medical equipment.

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Patient Safety Precautions

Practices aimed at preventing the spread of infections among patients.

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Respiratory Hygiene Precautions

Precautions designed to prevent the spread of infections via respiratory secretions.

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Environmental Cleanliness

The practice of keeping surfaces clean and dry to reduce infection risk.

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White Blood Cell Count (WBC)

A measure of the number of white blood cells in the blood, indicating the body's response to infection.

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C-reactive protein (CRP)

An inflammatory marker whose elevated levels indicate inflammation and acute infections.

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Chronic Inflammation Effect

In chronic infection, initially elevated markers can decrease, blunting the body's response.

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Travel History in Infections

Recent travel can increase exposure to new pathogens and affect infection risk.

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Chronic Conditions Risk

Conditions like diabetes increase susceptibility to infections due to compromised immunity.

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Vaccination Importance

Vaccination is essential to prevent many infectious diseases and should be kept up-to-date.

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Antimicrobial Therapy

Use of antibiotics and antifungals to combat bacterial and fungal infections.

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Supportive Therapies

Nutritional support and therapies that enhance the immune system and recovery.

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Study Notes

Infectious Disease Transmission

  • Infectious diseases spread through various routes.
  • Environmental reservoirs harbor infectious agents.
  • Host susceptibility varies based on individual factors.
  • Proper sample collection is vital for diagnosis. Diagnostic techniques like PCR are used.

Host Factors and Susceptibility

  • Genetic predisposition influences individual response to infection.
  • Immunocompromised individuals are more vulnerable.
  • Pre-existing conditions increase susceptibility.
  • Lifestyle factors, such as nutrition and stress, impact immune function.
  • Risk factors are often complex and influenced by multiple factors.
  • Family history is a significant factor in increased infection risk.
  • Emerging trends and risk factors relating to infectious diseases are identified.

Infectious Disease Management and Prevention

  • Effective management involves prompt diagnosis, treatment, and preventing transmission.
  • Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat.
  • Infection control emphasizes proper hygiene practices.
  • Vaccination plays a crucial role in disease prevention.
  • Public health measures are crucial for controlling outbreaks.

Infectious Agents & Transmission

  • Infectious agents survive in reservoirs, including humans, animals, insects, food, and water.
  • Humans transmit microorganisms, especially through hands.
  • Fomites (inanimate objects) can facilitate transmission.
  • Transmission occurs when an infectious agent moves from a reservoir to a susceptible host.

Modes of Transmission

  • Direct contact (e.g., person-to-person).
  • Indirect contact (e.g., through fomites).
  • Importance of hygiene and skin preparation in preventing transmission.

Entry Points for Organisms

  • Organisms can enter the body through mucous membranes and skin breaks.
  • Venipuncture is given as an example if proper sterile techniques are not followed.

Inflammation and Infection Transmission

  • Healthcare workers' unwashed hands are significant vectors for pathogen transmission.
  • Transmission routes include droplets (airborne) and contact.
  • Specific mode of transmission varies depending on the infectious agent and disease.

Examples of Inflammatory Responses

  • Localized and systemic inflammation are described as manifestations of infections.
  • The progression of localized infections can lead to systemic involvement.

Microbial Factors in Disease

  • The role of microbes, particularly bacteria in disease development.
  • Host defenses and how they are impacted by factors like compromised immune systems.
  • Some important defense mechanisms are tear film and fatty acid barriers.

Conditions in Respiratory Tract That Increase Risk of Infection

  • Smoking damages the respiratory tract defenses.
  • High oxygen/carbon dioxide concentrations can impact infection defense.
  • Humidity and temperature changes impact microbial growth and survival.

Medications & Microbial Balance

  • Antibiotics can disrupt the normal flora, increasing susceptibility.
  • Oral contraceptives can impact the vaginal microbiome.
  • Type of wound, like cuts, abrasions, punctures, and maceration, influences infection risk.

Invasive Medical Procedures & Infection Risk

  • Invasive procedures, such as catheterization, increase infection risk.
  • Compromised immune systems in patients further increase infection risk.

Patient Risk Factors

  • Age and underlying health conditions can often weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infection.

Factors Influencing Infection Prevention

  • Age, hygiene, lifestyle factors can impact an individual's susceptibility and response to/prevention of infection.
  • Vaccination status influences susceptibility to preventable infections.

Specific Infections and Risk Factors

  • Information about selected diseases, their risk factors, and prevention strategies.
  • Specific prevention strategies for pneumonia, influenza, UTIs, etc.

Infection Treatment Considerations

  • Treatment approaches depend on the type and severity of infection.

White Blood Cell Counts

  • Different percentages of white blood cells indicate various types of infection.

Factors Affecting Infection Risk

  • Elevated inflammatory markers and decreased markers in chronic infection.
  • Increased and decreased white blood cell counts both indicate different types of infection responses (acute vs. chronic).

Additional Notes on Infection Prevention

  • Proper use of PPE to reduce the transmission of infectious agents.
  • Maintaining clean and sanitary environments reduces risk.
  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment is crucial to reduce complications.

Post-Surgical Infection Risk Factors

  • Age, nutritional status, chronic illnesses, existing infections, and the surgical procedure itself are possible factors influencing post-surgical infections.
  • Extent and type of surgical procedure and site.

Environmental Factors

  • Hygiene practices are important for preventing infection.
  • Pre-existing conditions like diabetes mellitus, cancer and chronic COPD negatively impact immune function and wound healing.
  • Peripheral vascular diseases and obesity also negatively impact overall immune function.

Additional Considerations

  • Awareness of infection risk factors, and preventive measures.
  • Pre-operative risk assessment is critical for proactive measures.
  • Important considerations (burn depth, burn extent) to consider regarding infections.

Infection Terminology

  • Defining various terms and procedures used to describe and diagnose infection (e.g., sputum, purulent, localized vs. generalized infection, gram stain, culture).

Infection Prevention and Control Measures

  • Hygiene-related procedures (hand hygiene, wound care, aseptic technique, medical waste disposal).
  • Patient and provider collaboration regarding infection prevention.
  • Vaccination status.

Additional Topics (Immunization, Nutritional Support, Respiratory, Environmental Precautions)

  • Discussion of necessary steps for immunization, nutritional support, precautions in regards to respiratory secretions, and environmental cleanliness, in relation to infection prevention.

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Related Documents

Infectious Disease Study Guide PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of infection control, susceptibility factors, and prevention strategies. This quiz covers WBC counts, CRP levels, antimicrobial therapy, and age-related risks. See how well you know infection-related concepts.

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