Infection Control in Acupuncture
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Questions and Answers

What action should be taken if a needle pierces an artery?

  • Remove the needle immediately.
  • Hold pressure for up to 5 minutes. (correct)
  • Immediately refer the patient to a surgeon.
  • Apply direct pressure for about 1 minute.

    • Which of the following conditions requires calling 911?

  • Patient has a plan for committing suicide. (correct)
  • Patient expresses a generalized feeling of sadness.
  • Patient has a slight cough without other symptoms.
  • Patient describes occasional chest discomfort.

    • What should be done if a patient passes out after a procedure?

  • Elevate the patient's legs and offer water. (correct)
  • Leave the patient alone to recover.
  • Continue treatment as normal.
  • Call 911 immediately without assessing the situation.

    • In which situation is a student allowed to needle a patient?

    <p>Only in class or the approved clinic with supervision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be reported to the clinic director?

    <p>Situations with the potential for malpractice complaints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PCOM not allow in its clinic practice?

    <p>Spinal adjustments and homeopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A?

    <p>15-50 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hepatitis can become a chronic liver disease?

    <p>Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What practice is recommended after a sharp's container spill?

    <p>Use gloves, forceps, and magnets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Hepatitis D transmitted?

    <p>As a secondary infection requiring Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hepatitis type has no vaccine available yet?

    <p>Hepatitis C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key symptoms of Hepatitis B?

    <p>Flu-like symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Hepatitis A generally progress?

    <p>Generally runs its course and leads to full recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage chance is there of contracting HIV from a contaminated needle stick?

    <p>0.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of transmission is associated with Hepatitis A and E?

    <p>Oral-fecal transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells does HIV primarily attack?

    <p>T-helper cells/CD4 lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method to prevent cross infection between patients?

    <p>Washing hands before and after contact with each patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an autogenous infection?

    <p>A patient spreads an existing fungal infection from feet to eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered biohazardous waste?

    <p>Blood spills that may risk infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done first if a blood spill occurs?

    <p>Put on gloves and clean with disinfectant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do disinfectants kill?

    <p>Microbial life on inanimate objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of universal precautions?

    <p>To assume that every patient could have an infectious disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should needles be handled after use?

    <p>They should be disposed of in a sharp’s container immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary action for preventing cross and autogenous infections when needling?

    <p>Swabbing the area with 70% isopropyl alcohol before needling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to clean small drops of blood on a cotton ball?

    <p>Throw in the regular trash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Something patient can contract from another person or environment

    <p>Cross infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Any waste that may present risk of infection to people

    <p>Biohazardous waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood Borne (contracted from body fluids) transmission include

    <p>Hepatitis B, C, D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oral-Fecal hepatitis include

    <p>Hepatitis A, E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hepatitis have a vaccine?

    <p>Hepatitis A, B, D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incuation period for hepatitis C

    <p>20-90 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for hepatitis B?

    <p>50-180 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true of hepatitis E?

    <p>More common in developing countries; Similar to A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common chronic blood borne viral infection in the US

    <p>Hep C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hep present with GI symptoms and leads to chronic hepatitis 80% of the time

    <p>Hep C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hep presents with flu-like symptoms such as fever, anorexia, body aches and then progresses into jaundice.

    <p>Hep B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hep is similar to hep B in that it can lead to liver failure?

    <p>Hep C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You need to contract hep __ to contract hep __ .

    <p>You need to contract hep B to contract hep D .</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hep has very acute onset symptoms (high fever, nausea/vomiting, muscle aches, right upper quadrant pain, possible jaundice?

    <p>Hep A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hiv is spread by

    <p>Blood borne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much does it take to reach point of AIDS?

    <p>Years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is MRSA

    <p>Antibiotic-resistant skin infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you suspect a pneumothorax because patient is SOB, has chest pain, pallor, cough you should

    <p>remove needles and call 911</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken if a needle pierces a vein?

    <p>apply direct pressure for about 1 minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will happen in the event of an accidental needle stick?

    <p>pcom will provide you with medical consueling to explain options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Basic Definitions

    • Cross Infection: Occurs when a patient contracts an infection from another person or the environment.
      • Example: A practitioner touches a patient with athlete’s foot, fails to wash their hands, and then gives a massage to another patient, resulting in the second patient contracting a fungal infection.
    • Autogenous Infection: An infection where a patient’s own bacteria or virus is spread to another area of their body.
      • Example: A practitioner massages a patient’s athlete's foot and then uses the same needle to insert into the patient’s UB 1 point, resulting in a fungal infection in the eye.

    Prevention of Infections

    • To prevent cross-infections and autogenous infections, always use new, sterile needles and guide tubes.
    • Sterilize all equipment to ensure it is free of microbial life.
    • When performing acupuncture, swab the area to be needled with 70% isopropyl alcohol. Avoid touching the needle shaft except with sterile cotton or gauze.
    • Use proper hand hygiene: Wash hands before and after contact with every patient and after potentially contaminating yourself.

    Biohazardous Waste

    • Any waste that may pose an infection risk to people.
    • Example: Blood spills.
    • In case of a blood or body fluid spill:
      • Put on gloves.
      • Clean the area with a disinfectant, followed by soap and water.
      • Dispose of cleaning materials in a biohazard bag.
    • Medical waste disposal companies are responsible for collecting biohazardous waste. Do not dispose of it in regular trash.

    Disinfectants

    • Products that kill microbial life.
    • Used on inanimate objects, such as massage tables and floors.
    • Not used on people.

    Universal Precautions

    • Treat all patients as if they have every infectious disease. Always practice caution with blood, saliva, and other body fluids, regardless of the patient’s medical history.
    • Handle needles carefully, removing them one at a time and disposing of them in sharps containers.
    • Report any needle stick incidents to the clinic director.
    • If a sharps container spills, use gloves, forceps, and magnets to pick up the sharps, not bare hands. Clean the area with disinfectant.

    Infectious Diseases

    • Hepatitis:
      • Five types: A, B, C, D, E
      • Blood-borne transmission (Hepatitis B, C, and D): Occurs through contact with infected body fluids, such as a needle stick.
      • Oral-fecal transmission (Hepatitis A and E): Occurs through contact with contaminated food or water, often due to poor hygiene.
      • Hepatitis A: Incubation period of 15-50 days. Symptoms include fever, nausea/vomiting, muscle aches, right upper quadrant pain, and potentially jaundice. Most people fully recover. A vaccine is available but not routinely recommended as most people recover naturally.
      • Hepatitis B: Incubation period of 50-180 days. Often presents with flu-like symptoms and can progress to jaundice. It can become chronic and lead to liver disease. The CDC recommends all healthcare workers be vaccinated against hepatitis B.
      • Hepatitis C: Incubation period of 20-90 days. Most common chronic blood-borne viral infection in the US. Usually presents gradually with digestive symptoms and leads to chronic hepatitis 80% of the time, which can cause liver failure. No vaccine available.
      • Hepatitis D: Requires the presence of Hepatitis B for infection. Therefore, a Hep B vaccine also protects against Hep D.
      • Hepatitis E: Similar to Hepatitis A. More common in developing countries.
    • HIV:
      • Spread through contact with blood/body fluids.
      • Retrovirus that attacks T-helper cells/CD4 lymphocytes and macrophages, weakening the immune system.
      • Over time, the person becomes more susceptible to infections. This stage is known as AIDS.
      • May take many years for someone with HIV to reach the point of AIDS.
      • Approximately 0.3% chance of contracting HIV from a contaminated needle stick.
    • MRSA:
      • Antibiotic-resistant skin infection.
      • If suspected, delay treatment and refer the patient to a medical doctor.

    Patient Safety and Clinic Policy

    • Pneumothorax: If you suspect a patient has a pneumothorax (collapsed lung), characterized by shortness of breath, chest pain, pallor, cough, etc., remove needles immediately and alert your supervisor to call 911.
    • Pierced Vein: If you pierce a vein, apply direct pressure for about 1 minute.
    • Pierced Artery: If you pierce an artery, apply direct pressure for up to 5 minutes.
    • Stuck, Bent, or Broken Needles: Try to remove the needle by twirling, massaging surrounding muscles, inserting another needle nearby, changing the patient’s position, using forceps, pushing down on the surrounding skin. If the needle is broken under the skin, immediately refer the patient to a surgeon.
    • Patient Passing Out: Remove all needles immediately. Lay the patient flat, elevate their legs slightly, and offer water. If the patient is not improving, alert your supervisor to call 911.
    • Medical Emergencies: Always report any patient situation that could potentially lead to a malpractice complaint to the clinic director. This includes suspected medical emergencies, such as heart attack, stroke, or any situation where there is imminent danger of the patient’s health.
    • Suicide: If a patient states they are planning to commit suicide and has a plan to carry it out, call 911. If they do not have a specific plan, report the situation to the clinic director.
    • Student Needling: Students may only needle patients in the PCOM clinic or class with approved L.Ac. supervision. Always receive supervisor approval before needling any patient.
    • Accidental Needle Stick: PCOM provides medical counseling to students who suffer accidental needle sticks.
    • Scope of Practice: PCOM clinic’s scope of practice includes acupuncture, massage, moxa, gua sha, cupping, heat lamps, and herbs.
    • Prohibited Practices: Homeopathy and spinal adjustments are not within PCOM’s scope of practice. PCOM does not allow bleeding techniques in the clinic.
    • Dress Code: Must dress professionally or at least business casual, including a clean lab coat, neatly trimmed beard, nails trimmed, and hair tied back. No shorts, sandals, sneakers, mini-skirts, etc.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on understanding the types of infections relevant to acupuncture practice, specifically cross infection and autogenous infection. It also covers prevention strategies to maintain hygiene and ensure patient safety during treatments. Test your knowledge on these essential concepts.

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