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Questions and Answers
What is the most common type of rash seen in rubella?
What is the most common type of rash seen in rubella?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of hand-foot-and-mouth disease?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of hand-foot-and-mouth disease?
What is the most common complication of rubella infection?
What is the most common complication of rubella infection?
Which of the following is the causative agent of erythema infectiosum?
Which of the following is the causative agent of erythema infectiosum?
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Which of the following is the recommended treatment for scarlet fever?
Which of the following is the recommended treatment for scarlet fever?
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What is the most common symptom associated with roseola infantum?
What is the most common symptom associated with roseola infantum?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of erythema infectiosum?
Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of erythema infectiosum?
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What is the primary method of diagnosis for roseola infantum?
What is the primary method of diagnosis for roseola infantum?
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Which of the following is not a common clinical feature of hand-foot-and-mouth disease?
Which of the following is not a common clinical feature of hand-foot-and-mouth disease?
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What is the most common cause of enteroviral infections?
What is the most common cause of enteroviral infections?
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Study Notes
Infectious Diseases Overview
- Infectious diseases are the most prevalent afflictions impacting humanity.
- Necessary components for perpetuation include reservoirs (human, animal, environmental) and effective transmission methods (airborne, direct contact, food, water).
Immunity Types
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Active Immunity:
- Live Attenuated Vaccines: Include oral poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, BCG.
- Inactivated Organisms: Examples are whooping cough, typhoid, cholera, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, rabies.
- Immunising Components: Influenza, pneumococcal, meningococcal conjugate (surface polysaccharide with protein).
- Toxoid: Inactivated toxins like tetanus and diphtheria.
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Passive Immunity:
- Natural: From mother to fetus during pregnancy.
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Artificial: High levels of human or non-human immunoglobulin.
- Human normal immunoglobulin from pooled plasma (e.g., Hepatitis A).
- Specific immunoglobulin from convalescent patients (e.g., Tetanus, Hepatitis C, Rabies, Varicella/Zoster).
Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
- History: Relevant factors include foreign travel, immigration, occupations, pets, sexual activity, drug use, tattoos, and transfusions.
- Examination Findings: Oral ulcers, rashes, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly.
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Investigations:
- Baseline tests: FBC, CRP, ESR, liver function tests, urinalysis, chest X-ray.
- Microbiological examination of body fluids.
- Immunodiagnosis through serology (IgG, IgM, IgA) and antigen detection (e.g., ELISA).
- Tissue diagnoses via aspiration/biopsy and imaging procedures.
Herpes Simplex
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Transmission:
- Type 1: Spread via infected saliva.
- Type 2: Spread through sexual contact.
- Incubation Period: 2-12 days.
- Clinical Features: Orolabial infections with sore throat, fever, vesicles, lymphadenopathy, and potential recurrence.
- Skin and Eye Infections: Herpetic whitlow (skin) and corneal involvement (eyes) can cause blindness.
- Complications: Encephalitis, neonatal HSV-2 transmission, erythema multiforme, eczema herpeticum.
- Treatment: Acyclovir, Valacyclovir.
Herpes Zoster
- Cause: Reactivation of varicella zoster virus.
- Features: Radicular pain, unilateral dermatomal rash, vesicles, possible oral/pharyngeal involvement, ocular complications like keratitis.
- Complications: Post-herpetic neuralgia, meningitis.
- Treatment: Acyclovir reduces pain and accelerates healing.
Infectious Mononucleosis
- Cause: Epstein-Barr virus.
- Incubation Period: 4-14 days.
- Clinical Features: Anorexia, malaise, fever, sore throat, cervical lymphadenopathy, and macular rash. Palatine petechiae and jaundice may occur.
- Complications: Respiratory obstruction, ruptured spleen, hepatitis.
- Diagnosis: Blood film, Paul-Bunnell test, Monospot test.
- Treatment: Supportive care.
Chicken Pox
- Cause: Varicella zoster virus.
- Incubation Period: 14-16 days.
- Clinical Features: Rash appears in crops progressing from macule to vesicle, starting on trunk/scalp and spreading. Vesicles dry and crust over.
- Complications: Rare but can include cellulitis, pneumonia, neurological issues, and congenital abnormalities.
- Treatment: Antihistamines; Acyclovir for severe cases.
Mumps
- Cause: Paramyxovirus (RNA).
- Incubation Period: 16-21 days.
- Spread: Via droplets from saliva/nasopharyngeal secretions.
- Clinical Features: Often asymptomatic in 40%. Symptoms include fever, malaise, parotid enlargement, earache.
- Complications: Aseptic meningitis, orchitis, and non-parotid involvement in other glands.
- Treatment: Good oral hygiene, scrotal support, bed rest.
Whooping Cough
- Cause: Bordetella pertussis (gram-negative bacillus).
- Incubation Period: 7 days with a "catarrhal" phase for 1-2 weeks.
- Spasmodic Phase: Lasts 4-6 weeks; characterized by severe coughing fits with "whoops," vomiting, cyanosis, or apnea.
- Complications: Bronchopneumonia, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage.
- Investigations: Paranasal swabs, culture on Bordet-Gengou medium, immunofluorescent antibody test.
- Treatment: Mainly symptomatic care.
Childhood Exanthemas
- Conditions include measles, German measles, enteroviral infection, infectious mononucleosis, scarlet fever, erythema infectiosum, roseola infantum, and drug eruptions.
Measles
- Cause: Paramyxovirus (RNA).
- Incubation Period: 10 days.
- Clinical Features: Conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, Koplik's spots, and maculopapular rash starting behind the ears and spreading.
- Complications: Gingivostomatitis.
- Treatment: Supportive with management for complications.
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Description
Learn about the most common afflictions of mankind caused by infectious diseases, including the concepts of reservoirs of infection, effective modes of transmission, and active immunity. Explore various types of vaccines like live attenuated vaccines, inactivated organisms, and immunizing components of organisms.
