Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the first step to take if a spore test returns positive results?
What is the first step to take if a spore test returns positive results?
If a sterilizer passes the biological monitoring test, what should be concluded?
If a sterilizer passes the biological monitoring test, what should be concluded?
What action should be taken if the mechanical or chemical monitoring fails?
What action should be taken if the mechanical or chemical monitoring fails?
What is critical about storing sterilized items?
What is critical about storing sterilized items?
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How long must a sterilizer be re-tested after repair and maintenance?
How long must a sterilizer be re-tested after repair and maintenance?
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What is one of the main reasons why infections of the ear lobe are harder to treat?
What is one of the main reasons why infections of the ear lobe are harder to treat?
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Which infection can be caused by unclean hands touching the piercing area?
Which infection can be caused by unclean hands touching the piercing area?
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Why is it important to use single-use, disposable gloves during ear piercing?
Why is it important to use single-use, disposable gloves during ear piercing?
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What is a recommended action to take before piercing a client's ear?
What is a recommended action to take before piercing a client's ear?
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What cleaning solution is recommended for sanitizing hands when they are not visibly dirty?
What cleaning solution is recommended for sanitizing hands when they are not visibly dirty?
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Which of the following infections can be transmitted through contaminated equipment during nail services?
Which of the following infections can be transmitted through contaminated equipment during nail services?
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What is the primary reason staff should not come to work when ill?
What is the primary reason staff should not come to work when ill?
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Which of the following items is NOT considered single-use in the context of nail services?
Which of the following items is NOT considered single-use in the context of nail services?
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What is the required protocol for cleaning foot baths after use?
What is the required protocol for cleaning foot baths after use?
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Which type of disinfectant is inappropriate for cleaning reusable nail service tools?
Which type of disinfectant is inappropriate for cleaning reusable nail service tools?
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What is the appropriate antiseptic for cleaning the ear lobe before piercing?
What is the appropriate antiseptic for cleaning the ear lobe before piercing?
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What should be done with the ear piercing device between clients?
What should be done with the ear piercing device between clients?
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Which type of ear piercing device does not require sterilization after each use?
Which type of ear piercing device does not require sterilization after each use?
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What is the recommended action for sharps after use?
What is the recommended action for sharps after use?
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What should you do if using a reusable marking pen for ear lobe piercing?
What should you do if using a reusable marking pen for ear lobe piercing?
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Study Notes
Personal Service Settings 2
- October 31st is a work week, no class
- Focus on assignments
Types of Disinfectants
- Disinfectant type depends on service and tools (semi-critical or non-critical)
- Critical tools require sterilization
- Three disinfection levels: high-level, intermediate-level, low-level
High-Level Disinfectant
- Used for semi-critical items
- Kills all types of germs (except large numbers of bacterial spores)
- Label may say "high-level disinfectant" or "sterilant"
- Examples: Chlorine beach (1 part bleach, 9 parts water), ≥ 6% Hydrogen peroxide, 2% Hydrogen Peroxide (enhanced action formulation)
- Reusable critical items MUST be sterilized
Intermediate-Level Disinfectant
- Used for non-critical items that may touch broken skin or mucus membranes
- Kills most types of germs, but not bacterial spores
- Label may say "general disinfectant," "limited disinfectant," or "hospital disinfectant"
- Examples: Chlorine bleach (1 part bleach, 49 parts water), 70-90% ethyl or isopropyl alcohol
Low-Level Disinfectant
- Used for work surfaces and non-critical items that do not directly touch clients (e.g., only touch hair or intact skin)
- Kills some types of germs, but not mycobacteria or bacterial spores
- Label may say "general disinfectant", "limited disinfectant", or "hospital disinfectant"
- Examples: Chlorine bleach (1 part bleach, 499 parts water), Quaternary ammonium (e.g., 'barbicide'), 0.5% hydrogen peroxide (enhanced action formula)
Disinfectants and Contact Time
- Disinfectant effectiveness depends on contact time
- Contact time is the length of time a surface stays wet with disinfectant
- Some disinfectants (e.g., chlorine bleach, alcohol) adjust contact time based on the mix strength
Chlorine Bleach
- Contact time is 10 minutes
- Low-level: 1/2 tsp bleach to 1L water (100ppm)
- Intermediate-level: 4 tsp bleach to 1L water (1000ppm)
- High-level: 7 tbsp bleach to 1L water (5000ppm)
Quick Tips about Disinfectants
- Check expiry dates on disinfectants
- Follow instructions for contact time, dilution, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) selection
- Products must have a Drug Identification Number (DIN) or Natural Product Number (NPN) issued by Health Canada
- Contact local public health unit before using new disinfectant products or if unsure
Disinfectants Types Summary
- Summary table of disinfectant types and corresponding concentrations
Steam Sterilizer
- Best sterilizer for heat-resistant tools and equipment
- Proper use requires following instructions: temperature, pressure, cycle length, and load size
- Every new steam sterilizer must have a printout or display of time, temperature, and pressure during each cycle
Unacceptable Methods of Reprocessing
- Dishwashers or microwave ovens
- Boiling/Water
- Ultraviolet light or irradiation
- Glass bead sterilizers
- Pressure cookers
- Flash sterilization
- Chemical sterilizations (e.g., Glutaraldehyde) have serious health risks
Sterilization – Packaging Tools and Equipment
- Tools and equipment must be clean and dry before packaging
- Any leftover moisture can compromise sterilization
Sterilization – Packaging Tips
- Use paper-plastic peel pouches
- Ensure pouch compatibility with the sterilizer type; check with the manufacturer
- Mark sterilization date on the pouch using a permanent marker, avoiding the sealed area
- Handle pouches carefully to prevent damage
- Only open sterilized items when ready for use
Sterilization – Operator Requirements
- Must follow manufacturer instructions for sterilizers
- Responsibilities include: installation, operation, cleaning, packaging, load checks (temperature, pressure, time)
- Proper documentation of maintenance and repairs needed is essential
- Ensure monitoring methods (e.g., mechanical, chemical, and biological) are in place, documenting their results
Monitoring the Sterilization Process
- Sterilization monitoring needs 3 indicators: mechanical, biological (spore tests), and chemical
- Each batch requires documentation with the date and worker's signature
Mechanical (Physical) Monitoring
- Monitoring checks if sterilization conditions (time, temperature, pressure) were met during a cycle
- Includes printed or displayed information which must match manufacturer requirements, such as the length of time the sterilization temperature was maintained.
Chemical Monitoring
- Checks if the package or internal area has completed the entire sterilization cycle
- External and internal chemical indicators change appearance (e.g., color) to signal completion
Biological Monitoring (Spore Testing)
- Checks the sterilizer's ability to kill microorganisms (tested every two weeks, daily is best)
- A spore testing device is placed inside the container holding items
- Results are sent to a service provider and the report indicates if bacterial spores were present or not
- Negative test indicates proper sterilizer function; a positive test signifies failure
What if my unit fails the biological monitoring (spore test)?
- 5 steps to take if the spore test comes back positive
- Stop use of sterilized tools and equipment since the last negative spore test
- Locate all equipment used since the last negative test
- Perform risk assessment to clients of potential damage
What if my unit fails mechanical or chemical monitoring?
- Do not use the equipment for affected load:
- Repackage and re-sterilize the equipment.
- Find another, non-risky sterilizing method
- Contact the facility for needed service and/or maintenance
- Conduct a spore test.
Storage of Sterilized Items
- Store used items in a clean, dry, dust-free area away from dirty work areas
- Label containers as "sterile"
- Avoid storing frequently used items with sterilized items to prevent damage
Single-use Tools and Equipment
- Some sterile tools and equipment are designed for single use (one-time use)
- These cannot be cleaned or sterilized to be used again. Discard immediately after use.
Clean Service Areas
- Keeping the service area clean is crucial for preventing infections
- Personal items (food, drinks, medications, hygiene) should be excluded from service areas where piercing supplies are stored or where the service is provided
- No smoking or vaping is permitted in service areas
Common Infections: Hairdressing and Barbering
- Infection risk is relatively low in these services, but tools can spread germs if not properly cleaned and sterilized
- Common infections: Serratia macesecens, Staphylococcus aureus
- Viral examples: Hepatitis B & C
- Infections result from dirty/contaminated implements.
Single use items
- Follow manufacturer's instructions (PHI direction)
- Disposable items should be discarded. (e.g., straight edge razors with permanently attached blades cannot be used)
- Sharps must be discarded into a container
Approved sharps container
- Sharps containers are yellow or red. They are resistant to punctures. They are sealable and labeled
- They must be sealed when one-fourth full and must be discarded
Sanitary strips and towels
- Towels/sanitary strips are barriers between the client and equipment
- Single-use items should be discarded post-use
- Reusable towels require laundering between usages and should be stored properly.
Multi use Items
- If tools are properly cleaned and disinfected, they can be reused
- Use soap and warm water to remove residue from items
- High-level disinfection is only needed for items that can pierce the skin
Hair and Barber Tools
- Tools that do not pierce the skin use low-level disinfectants for cleaning
- Tools that may pierce the skin require intermediate-level disinfectants
- Tools that have accidentally pierced the skin require high-level disinfectants
Record Keeping
- Maintain records of client care, disinfection information, equipment maintenance and repairs, invasive procedures, after-care information, and blood/body fluid accidents
- Records must be kept on-site for 1 year, and available if requested by your PHI for up to 2 years after.
Day-to-day Operation
- Work areas should be clean, well-organized, and well-lit
- Single-use items should be used once and discarded
- Multi-use items must be cleaned to be disinfected before use with new clients
- Items not in use must be stored in covered containers
- Discard single-use items immediately following treatment
Protecting staff and clients
- Staff members are strongly recommended vaccinations against Hepatitis B & Influenza on an annual basis
- Staff members must not report to work while feeling ill
- If staff has direct contact with non-intact skin, they must use gloves and practice "no touch" technique
- Clients must be in good health and do not exhibit signs of infection near the service area (e.g., skin conditions)
Common Infections: Manicure and Pedicure
- Common nail fungi (e.g., Aspergillus)
- Common bacteria (e.g., Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus)
- Common viruses (e.g., HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C)
- Infection occurs from contaminated equipment and unclean hands
Single-use items (Manicure/Pedicure)
- Discard single-use items immediately after use (e.g. emery boards, foam nail files, pumice stones)
- Single-use items need to be discarded in a sharps container.
Multi-use items (Manicure/Pedicure)
- Reusable nail tools (e.g., nail clippers, cuticle nippers, glass/diamond nail files, and foot paddles) require cleaning and disinfecting between clients utilizing intermediate-level disinfectants
Foot Baths
- Footbaths require thorough cleaning and disinfection after each client
- Drain footbath, clean the basin with detergent, rinse with water, and refill with lukewarm water just above jets
- Add approved disinfectant (e.g., 5% household chlorine bleach) at the recommended concentration (e.g., 3 tablespoons per gallon)
- Activate jets for 10 minutes
- Drain and dry the foot bath
- Do not use oil-based products for the foot spa (can accumulate and contribute to germs)
- Do not mix chlorine bleach with ammonia products
Foot Baths (Daily Cleaning)
- Remove the screen and drain plug, clean them with a brush and detergent
- Soak the screen and drain plug for 10 minutes in a solution with 1 teaspoon bleach per cup of lukewarm water
- Reinstall screen and drain plug, then refill the footbath with water above the jets
- Add detergent and run the jets for five minutes, drain, and rinse
Foot Baths (Disinfection)
- Refill the footbath with lukewarm water just above the jets
- Add the appropriate disinfectant
- Turn on the jets for at least 10 minutes
- Drain the footbath and wipe dry.
Record Keeping
- Maintain records (client information, disinfection, maintenance, invasive procedures, after-care information, and blood body fluid exposure)
- These records are kept on-site for 1 year and available for 2 years if needed
How do infections happen?
- Improper cleaning and disinfecting of reusable equipment (e.g., piercing devices, piercing tools). Improper use of single-use equipment, Use of non-sterile equipment or materials, Unclean skin or a rash at the piercing location, Unclean hands handling the area
Common Infections: Ear Piercing
- Bacteria (Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas)
- Viruses (HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C)
- Infections due to equipment that is not cleaned, unclean hands, and an unclean environment
Ear Piercing
- Ear piercing involves breaking the skin: Important to prevent infections, and protect from exposure to blood and body fluids
- 6 steps to protecting from infections: Hand hygiene, client education, disinfection, clean service areas, sharps disposal, and cleaning the pierced area
- Steps to safe ear lobe piercing: Clean hands, check for cuts/rashes on client skin, ensure client is free of infections before procedure, use gloves, Clean the ear area with an antiseptic, avoid contaminating piercing area, load the jewelry without touching it, clean and disinfect before and after each client, Properly store tools in container
After Care Information for Clients
- Review after care instructions with clients to reduce infection risk
- Proper cleaning and dressing of the piercing
- Normal hygiene (bathing/showering) allowed but the piercing site needs to remain dry, only touch the piercing area with clean hands
- If there is redness, pain, swelling for more than 24 hours, clients should consult a doctor.
Tattooing/Micropigmentation/Microblading
- Each involves piercing the skin, creating permanent/semi-permanent designs
- Potential for infections can occur when germs contaminate the site
- Infection could be carried by the practitioner, client, or tools/equipment
Laser Tattoo Removal
- Involves the use of a laser breaking down tattoo ink particles
- Skin can be damaged (burned/blistered/scabbed), leading to further infection risk
Protecting workers/clients
- Clean hands are necessary (soap and water/sanitize)
- Use single-use gloves (change between clients/breaks)
- Procedures requiring insertion must utilize a no-touch technique (avoid direct contact)
- Clean the work area (organized), single-use items (discard), multi-use equipment (clean disinfected/sterilized), disinfected items must be stored in containers, and sterilized tools remain in sterile pouches until the tool is ready for use
Protecting workers/clients (Preparing skin):
- Do not tattoo or micropigment within 15 cm of any rash or infection
- Clean with approved antiseptic
- If a topical anesthetic is used, clean the area with a skin antiseptic prior to use
- Use single-use razors if necessary and clean with soap and water to remove hair
- Only use stencil-transfer solutions if using a stencil
Approved Skin Antiseptics
- Specific approved skin antiseptics are required (such as povidone-iodine solution, isopropyl alcohol 70-90%, etc.)
Protecting workers/clients (Spread of infection)
- Infections may spread from unclean hands, contaminated tools/products (e.g., double dipping), reuse of one-time use tools (e.g., ink caps, razors), cleaning tools, skin infections, or incorrect after-care instructions
Infections (Tattooing/Micropigmentation/Microblading).
- Infections can lead to localized skin or more serious bloodstream infections, and spread to other organs
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can survive for up to 15 days in liquid form at room temperature and in ink pigments
Single-use items
- Single-use items should be used only once and discarded
- Sterile items should be safely stored
- Single-use items should be used wherever possible for tattooing (e.g., bandages, cups, disposable PPE)
- Tools for aftercare (dressings) should be kept in containers with tight-fitting lids
Examples of single-use items
- Bandages
- Cups
- Liquids used for rinsing between colors
- Disposable ink caps
- Elastic bands
- Lubricant applicators
- Plastic sheaths
- Sterile Needles
- Razors
- Rinsing cups
- Single-use gloves/masks/PPE
- Stencils
- Swabs
- Water/mixing with tattoo ink
- Wipes
- Tissues
- Dental bibs
Sharps Disposal
- Discard single-use sharps (needles/sharp tools) in an approved container
- Immediate disposal prevents injury.
Re-usable items
- These items must be cleaned and sanitized
- Re-usable, critical items that pierce the skin require sterilizing between clients
Examples of Re-usable items
- Reusable ink caps
- Tattoo handles
- Clip Cord
- Contact screws
- Service trays
- Spray Bottles
- Tattoo Machine and Controls
- Tube Clamp
- Scissors
Disinfectant Level Summary for types of tools and equipment
- Summary table for classifying equipment by risk level (critical, semi-critical, non-critical) and the appropriate disinfection level
Sterilizers
- Sterilizers must adhere to Health Canada and CSA Group standards. Check the Medical Devices Active License Listing to verify if it's licensed. Recommendation is Steam sterilization for heat-resistant equipment/instruments.
Client After-Care Instructions
- Instructions for covering the tattooed area, using gauze or a dressing, and if necessary using ointment
- Verbal instruction on proper hygienic procedures: Touching the tattooed skin area with clean hands, the expected healing time, instructions on treating minor pain, redness, or swelling, advising client to see a doctor if they experience any signs of infection following the procedures
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Description
This quiz focuses on essential infection control measures and sterilization protocols in healthcare and beauty settings. It covers critical steps in monitoring sterilizers, handling contaminated equipment, and the importance of proper hygiene practices. Test your knowledge on key procedures to ensure safety and prevent infections.
