Infection Control and Safety Practices
48 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the expected serum iron level for a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma?

  • Decreased (correct)
  • Increased
  • Variable
  • Normal
  • Which condition is associated with increased Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)?

  • Vitamin B12 deficiency
  • Sickle cell anemia
  • Iron deficiency (correct)
  • Aplastic anemia
  • What is the iron saturation level expected in a patient with Vitamin B12 deficiency?

  • Normal (correct)
  • Undetectable
  • Increased
  • Decreased
  • How does serum ferritin levels present in iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Decreased (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has a normal serum transferrin level?

    <p>Vitamin B12 deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely serum iron status in a patient with aplastic anemia?

    <p>Decreased (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of these conditions is serum iron level increased?

    <p>Sickle cell anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the serum transferrin in cases of iron deficiency?

    <p>Increased (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for maintaining the shape of a cell?

    <p>Microtubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process of formation and development of blood cells?

    <p>Hematopoiesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the second trimester of fetal development, where is the primary site of blood cell production?

    <p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes?

    <p>Thymus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the body's responses when there is severe anemia and the bone marrow cannot produce red blood cells effectively?

    <p>Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver and spleen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is required very early in the differentiation of a hematopoietic stem cell?

    <p>FLT3 ligand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in hematopoiesis?

    <p>Stimulating the growth of blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does G-CSF primarily stimulate in the context of blood cell production?

    <p>Production of granulocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of 2,3-BPG in its interaction with hemoglobin?

    <p>Binds to amino acids of the globin chain, inhibiting oxygen binding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for transporting iron out of enterocytes into plasma?

    <p>Ferroportin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what order do the steps of iron absorption and transport occur?

    <p>v, iv, i, ii, iii (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major metabolically available storage form of iron in the body?

    <p>Ferritin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the transferrin receptor after delivering iron to a cell?

    <p>It is recycled to the plasma membrane and can re-bind (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does transferrin play in iron transport?

    <p>It binds ferric iron and transports it in plasma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about 2,3-BPG is true?

    <p>It decreases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs first in iron absorption?

    <p>DMT1 transports iron into the enterocyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique change would improve the production of blood films that are too long and thin?

    <p>Increasing the downward pressure on the pusher slide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement is obtained using low-voltage DC?

    <p>Total cell volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be the most likely cause of RBCs appearing redder than normal in a blood film?

    <p>The slide was overstained (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Orthogonal light scatter is primarily used to measure which aspect of blood cells?

    <p>Internal complexity of the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely the reason a stained blood film appears bluer than normal?

    <p>The buffer used was too alkaline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is used for measuring the complexity of cells?

    <p>Optical scatter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a blood film appears to have barely visible neutrophils, what might be a potential issue?

    <p>Insufficient staining time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The measurement of cellular granularity is best achieved through which technique?

    <p>Flow cytometry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameter is directly measured and used in the calculation of hematocrit on Beckman Coulter instruments?

    <p>Hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely WBC estimate based on the observed counts: 8, 4, 7, 5, 4, 7, 8, 6, 4?

    <p>5.9 x 10^9/L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a very anemic patient with an RBC count of 1.25 x 10^12/L, which estimate of platelets per microliter is most closely correlated with an average of seven platelets per field?

    <p>44,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is most likely reflected in the blood picture with WBC of 86.3 x 10^9/L and HGB of 9.7 g/dL?

    <p>Leukocytosis, normocytic-normochromic anemia, thrombocytopenia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a blood film with a normal RBC count and an average of 10 platelets per field, which platelet estimate is best correlated?

    <p>200,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood disorder is characterized by an elevated WBC count with toxic granulation observed in neutrophils?

    <p>Bacterial infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory result is unlikely to correlate with leukocytosis?

    <p>Increased basophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscopy is likely used to analyze a blood film for cellular counts?

    <p>Oil immersion microscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abnormal RBC morphology is characterized by an irregular shape and is typically observed in certain hemolytic anemias?

    <p>Acanthocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most likely if a patient presents with an MCV of 65 fL and an absolute reticulocyte count of 20 x 10^9/L?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory finding would most likely indicate a sideroblastic anemia in a patient?

    <p>Abundant stainable iron in the marrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patient with anemia characterized by an MCV of 125 fL and an RDW of 20%, which condition would be included in the differential diagnosis?

    <p>Megaloblastic anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following observations suggests hemolytic anemia rather than another type of anemia?

    <p>Increased reticulocyte count (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abnormal finding in a bone marrow biopsy could indicate a problem in erythropoiesis?

    <p>High myeloid-to-erythroid ratio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these conditions is characterized by the presence of schistocytes in the blood smear?

    <p>Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lab results would indicate a laboratory error when interpreting iron studies?

    <p>Inconsistent results between CBC and iron studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    2,3-BPG function

    2,3-BPG binds to hemoglobin, inhibiting oxygen binding.

    Iron transport proteins

    Ferroportin transports iron out of cells like macrophages and enterocytes.

    Transferrin

    Transferrin is the major plasma protein that binds and transports iron.

    Major iron storage form

    The major storage form of iron in the body is hemosiderin.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Order of iron transport steps

    Iron transport order: iii, iv, i, v, ii.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Transferrin receptor fate

    After delivering iron, the transferrin receptor is recycled to the plasma membrane.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Iron absorption mechanism

    DMT1 transports ferrous iron into enterocytes during absorption.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Oxidation of hemoglobin

    2,3-BPG can oxidize hemoglobin iron, decreasing oxygen binding.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Hematocrit

    The volume percentage of red blood cells in blood.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    RBC Count

    The number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    WBC Count

    The number of white blood cells in blood, indicating immune response.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Platelet Estimate

    Approximation of platelets per microliter based on field observation.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Leukocytosis

    An increase in white blood cell count, often in response to infection.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Anemia Types

    Various classifications of anemia based on red blood cell size and color.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    MCHC

    Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration; the average concentration of hemoglobin in red cells.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Thrombocytopenia

    A condition of having low platelet count in the blood.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cell shape maintenance

    The shape of a cell is primarily maintained by microtubules.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Hematopoiesis

    The process of formation and development of blood cells.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Primary blood cell production site (fetal)

    During the second trimester, blood cell production occurs mainly in the liver.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    T lymphocyte maturation

    The organ responsible for T lymphocyte maturation is the thymus.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Extramedullary hematopoiesis

    Blood cell production occurring outside the bone marrow, often in the liver and spleen.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Severe anemia response

    In severe anemia, the body's response includes extramedullary hematopoiesis.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cytokines in hematopoiesis

    Cytokines like IL-2 and FLT3 are required early in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Blood cell production increase

    To meet increased demand in anemia, the body increases erythropoietin production.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    High-voltage RF waves

    Electrical waves used to measure the internal complexity of cells.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Optical scatter

    Detection and measurement of changes in light between electrodes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Low-voltage DC measurement

    Used to measure total cell volume and cellular characteristics.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Orthogonal light scatter

    A method to measure cell volume, internal complexity, and granularity.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cell nuclear volume

    The volume occupied by the nucleus within a cell.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cellular granularity

    The presence and distribution of granules within cells.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Microscope blood film observation

    Analyzing the color and visibility of blood components under a microscope.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Blood film technique improvement

    Adjusting downward pressure or angle to enhance blood film quality.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Iron study results in Aplastic anemia

    Decreased serum iron, increased TIBC, decreased transferrin, decreased ferritin.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Iron study results in Sickle cell anemia

    Increased serum iron, normal TIBC, increased transferrin, normal ferritin.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Iron study results in Iron deficiency

    Increased serum iron, increased TIBC, normal transferrin, increased ferritin.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Iron study results in Vitamin B12 deficiency

    Decreased serum iron, decreased TIBC, normal transferrin, normal ferritin.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Hodgkin lymphoma iron studies

    Confirms abnormal iron kinetics typical in Hodgkin's patients.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Symptoms of postpartum depression

    Fatigue, decreased energy, and concern for organic causes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Signs of lead poisoning

    Headaches, dizziness, and potentially correlating home conditions.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Hypochromia

    A condition characterized by reduced hemoglobin in red blood cells, leading to paler cells.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Poikilocytosis

    Presence of abnormally shaped red blood cells in the blood.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Schistocytes

    Fragmented red blood cells often associated with hemolytic anemia.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Acanthocytes

    Abnormal red blood cells with spiky projections, often seen in liver disease.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Myeloid-to-erythroid ratio

    The ratio of myeloid cells (white blood cells) to erythroid cells (red blood cells) in the bone marrow.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Sideroblastic anemia

    A type of anemia caused by the inability to incorporate iron into hemoglobin despite having adequate iron stores.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)

    A measure of the average volume of red blood cells.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width)

    A measure of the variation in the size of red blood cells.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Standard Precautions

    • Standard precautions apply to blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and semen.
    • Concentrated acids are an exception.
    • Handwashing is the most important practice in preventing the spread of disease.

    Preventing Disease Spread

    • Identifying specimens from known or suspected HIV or HBV-infected patients with a red label is a practice for preventing disease spread.
    • Wearing disposable laboratory coats and masks during patient contact is also important.

    Bleach Dilution

    • The appropriate dilution of bleach for laboratory disinfection is 1:100.

    Fire Alarm/Sprinkler System Testing

    • Fire alarms and sprinkler systems should be tested quarterly.

    Chemical Storage

    • Alcohol and other flammable chemicals should be stored in approved safety cans or cabinets away from heat sources.

    Needle Puncture Prevention

    • Improper disposal of phlebotomy equipment is a frequent cause of needle punctures.

    Safety Data Sheets (SDS)

    • SDSs are helpful in circumstances such as when a pregnant laboratory employee asks about working with a given reagent.
    • They are also useful if a laboratory has experienced a failed fire extinguisher or a safety inspection reveals a frayed power cord.

    Medical Laboratory Scientist Safety

    • When pouring an aliquot, a shield should be used when opening a tube.
    • Mary should pour the sample into a sterile tube and wipe the tube with alcohol after replacing the stopper.
    • Using a gauze is a valid technique to safely pour off material from a tube.

    Fire Extinguishers

    • Class B fire extinguishers should be used in a chemical cabinet fire.

    Laboratory Coats

    • Laboratory coats should be water-resistant and readily launderable.
    • They must be long-sleeved and worn fully buttoned.

    Safety Management Plan

    • A safety management plan includes job safety analysis, risk assessment of safety hazards, and mechanisms for reporting accidents.
    • Budgeting for engineering controls and personal protective equipment is also part of a safety management plan.

    Blood Specimen Collection

    • Wearing gloves is part of standard precautions during venipuncture.
    • Positively identifying the patient is also crucial.

    Blood Specimen Collection: Needle Selection

    • A one-inch, 21-gauge needle is the most common in standard venipuncture for adults.

    Blood Specimen Collection: Blood Collection Order

    • The recommended order for blood collection using evacuated tubes is: nonadditive, additive, and gel separator, blood culture.

    Skin Puncture: Infants

    • The lateral or medial plantar surface of the heel is an acceptable site for skin puncture on infants.

    Anticoagulants

    • Anticoagulants are additives in evacuated tubes that prevent blood from clotting before testing.

    Specimen Rejection

    • A specimen collected for cortisol in the morning is not a reason for rejection
    • A specimen in a lavender stopper tube that is grossly hemolysed is sufficient reason for rejection.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers essential practices in infection control and safety, such as standard precautions for handling blood and identifying specimens. It also explores proper chemical storage, fire safety measures, and needle puncture prevention strategies. Test your knowledge about maintaining a safe and sterile environment in healthcare settings.

    More Like This

    Infection Control and Safety Protocols
    55 questions
    Healthcare Safety and Practices
    22 questions

    Healthcare Safety and Practices

    AdjustableNovaculite3160 avatar
    AdjustableNovaculite3160
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser