Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is NOT a reason for using personal protective equipment (PPE)?
What is NOT a reason for using personal protective equipment (PPE)?
Masks and goggles should be used during procedures that are likely to generate splashes of body fluids.
Masks and goggles should be used during procedures that are likely to generate splashes of body fluids.
True (A)
What should you do if blood or body fluid splashes into your eyes?
What should you do if blood or body fluid splashes into your eyes?
Irrigate with copious amounts of clean water
PPE includes items such as gloves, aprons, masks, _____ or face shield.
PPE includes items such as gloves, aprons, masks, _____ or face shield.
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When should gloves be changed during patient care?
When should gloves be changed during patient care?
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Match the PPE item to its intended use:
Match the PPE item to its intended use:
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Using PPE is optional if you feel confident in your infection control skills.
Using PPE is optional if you feel confident in your infection control skills.
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Name one virus that can be transmitted through injuries caused by sharps.
Name one virus that can be transmitted through injuries caused by sharps.
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Which of the following infections can be transmitted through direct contact?
Which of the following infections can be transmitted through direct contact?
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Wearing gloves is not necessary when entering the room of a patient under contact precautions.
Wearing gloves is not necessary when entering the room of a patient under contact precautions.
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What should be done immediately after removing gloves when handling a patient under contact precautions?
What should be done immediately after removing gloves when handling a patient under contact precautions?
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The proper disposal for clinical waste includes discarded ______.
The proper disposal for clinical waste includes discarded ______.
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What is a requirement in addition to standard precautions for contact precautions?
What is a requirement in addition to standard precautions for contact precautions?
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Match the following items with their correct disposal methods:
Match the following items with their correct disposal methods:
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Soiled linen should be sorted and agitated before being placed in laundry bags.
Soiled linen should be sorted and agitated before being placed in laundry bags.
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What type of waste includes materials containing free flowing blood?
What type of waste includes materials containing free flowing blood?
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What is considered a high-risk (critical) item?
What is considered a high-risk (critical) item?
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Cleaning items that come into contact with intact skin is not important.
Cleaning items that come into contact with intact skin is not important.
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What process is used after cleaning for intermediate risk (semi-critical) items?
What process is used after cleaning for intermediate risk (semi-critical) items?
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____ is the removal of all foreign material from the object being reprocessed.
____ is the removal of all foreign material from the object being reprocessed.
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Which of the following is a method of sterilization?
Which of the following is a method of sterilization?
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Match the risk level with the proper cleaning method:
Match the risk level with the proper cleaning method:
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Boiling instruments kills all types of microorganisms, including spores.
Boiling instruments kills all types of microorganisms, including spores.
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Name one chemical used for disinfection.
Name one chemical used for disinfection.
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Which statement about microorganism movement is correct?
Which statement about microorganism movement is correct?
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Washing hands between patient contacts is unnecessary in infection control.
Washing hands between patient contacts is unnecessary in infection control.
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Name one type of personal protective equipment (PPE) used in infection control.
Name one type of personal protective equipment (PPE) used in infection control.
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The procedure of __________ is the single most important method for preventing the spread of nosocomial infections.
The procedure of __________ is the single most important method for preventing the spread of nosocomial infections.
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Match the following infection control practices with their purposes:
Match the following infection control practices with their purposes:
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Which of the following does NOT require specific hand washing precautions?
Which of the following does NOT require specific hand washing precautions?
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Standard precautions apply to blood and all body fluids, including sweat.
Standard precautions apply to blood and all body fluids, including sweat.
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What is considered a major cause of infection transmission in healthcare facilities?
What is considered a major cause of infection transmission in healthcare facilities?
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What is the appropriate action for small spills of body fluids?
What is the appropriate action for small spills of body fluids?
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All surfaces such as bedside lockers should be cleaned weekly to eliminate dust and debris.
All surfaces such as bedside lockers should be cleaned weekly to eliminate dust and debris.
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What is the main purpose of using sodium hypochlorite for cleaning spills?
What is the main purpose of using sodium hypochlorite for cleaning spills?
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Clinical waste (sharps) should be disposed of in a __________ bin.
Clinical waste (sharps) should be disposed of in a __________ bin.
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Match the cleaning methods with their corresponding uses:
Match the cleaning methods with their corresponding uses:
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Which of the following is a recommended practice to maintain cleanliness?
Which of the following is a recommended practice to maintain cleanliness?
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Training in infection prevention and control is necessary for all healthcare professionals.
Training in infection prevention and control is necessary for all healthcare professionals.
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Nurses can help allay fears by effectively __________ with patients and staff.
Nurses can help allay fears by effectively __________ with patients and staff.
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What is the most effective way to prevent the spread of infection in a hospital?
What is the most effective way to prevent the spread of infection in a hospital?
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Microorganisms are transferred only through direct contact.
Microorganisms are transferred only through direct contact.
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What role do healthcare workers play in infection control?
What role do healthcare workers play in infection control?
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To avoid the spread of infection, it's important to keep ________ away from uniforms.
To avoid the spread of infection, it's important to keep ________ away from uniforms.
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Match the following actions with their infection control principles:
Match the following actions with their infection control principles:
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Which statement best describes infection control?
Which statement best describes infection control?
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It is acceptable to pass dirty items over clean items in a healthcare setting.
It is acceptable to pass dirty items over clean items in a healthcare setting.
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Why is updating knowledge and skills important for healthcare workers?
Why is updating knowledge and skills important for healthcare workers?
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Study Notes
Microbiology RND 11502: Infection Control and Prevention
- This course covers infection control and prevention in healthcare settings.
- Learning outcomes include defining infection control, describing key principles of infection control, defining standard precaution, describing standard precautions' elements, managing needle stick injuries and splashes with body fluids, and explaining healthcare workers' roles.
- Infectious agents are present in healthcare settings.
- Patients may get infected while receiving care.
- Healthcare workers are at risk during their work.
- Other people in healthcare establishments are also at risk.
- Healthcare-associated infections can be serious or life-threatening.
- Handwashing is a crucial infection control measure.
- Maintaining a clean clinical environment is essential.
- Healthcare workers need continuous knowledge and skill updates.
- Educating patients and visitors is important for preventing cross-infection.
- Proper handwashing is the most effective way to prevent infection spread in hospitals.
- Effective, ethical infection prevention and control is crucial for nursing care.
Infection Control
- Infection control is a set of methods used to control and prevent disease spread.
Principles of Basic Infection Control
- Microorganisms transfer between surfaces when objects touch.
- Clean items touching less clean items become "dirty."
- Keep hands away from the face.
- Keep linens away from uniforms.
- Dropped items on the floor are considered dirty.
- Microorganisms transfer via gravity when one item is above another.
- Avoid placing dirty items over clean items.
- Place clean items on upper shelves and dirty items on lower shelves.
- Microorganisms are released into the air when people breathe or speak.
- Avoid breathing directly in someone's face.
- Cover the mouth with a tissue when coughing or sneezing and dispose of the tissue.
- Wash hands after coughing or sneezing.
- Microorganisms move slowly on dry surfaces, but quickly through moisture.
- Do not wet sterile trolleys.
- Proper handwashing removes microorganisms.
- Wash hands between patients. (steps 1-7)
Standard Precaution
- Designed to reduce microorganism transmission from known and unknown sources.
- Applied to all patients receiving care, regardless of their diagnosis or infectious status.
- Standard precaution applies to blood, all body fluids/secretions (except sweat), mucous membranes, and non-intact skin.
- Each person is potentially infectious and susceptible to infection.
- Essential elements include handwashing, personal protective equipment (PPE), preventing/managing sharps injuries, aseptic technique, appropriate reprocessing of instruments/equipment, isolation, staff health, linen handling/disposal, waste disposal, spills of body fluids, environmental cleaning, and training/education.
Safe Handling and Disposal of Sharps
- Injuries from needles and sharps can transmit HBV, HCV, and HIV to healthcare workers.
- Prevention is essential.
- Pass instruments in metal trays during procedures.
- Do not recap used needles.
- Do not remove used needles from disposable syringes.
- Avoid bending, breaking, or manipulating used needles by hand.
- Place used sharps in yellow puncture-resistant containers labeled with biohazard.
- Dispose of sharps immediately after use.
- Do not overfill sharps containers.
- Discard after 2/3 full or when contents reach the "full" line.
Managing a Needlestick Injury
- Stay calm.
- Wash the area with soap and water for at least five minutes.
- Encourage the wound to bleed.
- Apply antiseptic and a band-aid.
- Inform the supervisor or clinical team member.
- Complete a staff incident form.
Aseptic Technique
- Aseptic technique is an infection control practice used to prevent pathogen transmission.
- Use it during invasive procedures that bypass the body's natural defenses (e.g., skin or mucous membranes).
- Asepsis means freedom from infection.
- Aseptic technique involves creating a microorganism-free environment and objects.
- Maintain aseptic conditions when handling equipment prior to invasive procedures (e.g., wound suturing, wound care dressings, IV cannulas, urinary catheters).
Appropriate Reprocessing of Instruments and Equipment
- Two steps are involved: cleaning and sterilization/disinfection.
- Cleaning is the initial step, to remove foreign material.
Isolation Practices
- Isolation is physically separating an infected person from others to prevent microorganism transmission.
- Three types exist: airborne precautions, droplet precautions, and contact precautions.
Airborne Precautions
- Used for pathogens suspended in air.
- Examples: Tuberculosis, chickenpox, measles, and herpes zoster.
- Follow standard precaution and use N95 masks.
Droplet Precautions
- Used for pathogens spread through close respiratory contact secretions or membranes.
- Examples: Haemophilus influenzae, multidrug-resistant strains, meningitis, rubella, diphtheria, and pertussis.
Contact Precautions
- Used for pathogens spread by direct or indirect contact.
- Examples: Diphtheria, shigella, impetigo, herpes simplex, scabies, hepatitis A, multidrug-resistant strains, MRSA, VRE, and C. difficile.
Linen Handling and Disposal
- Handling soiled linen: Avoid sorting, agitation, and shaking; place in appropriate laundry bags; pack properly to prevent leakage; wear PPE; and transport and store clean linen separately.
Waste Disposal and Management
- Clinical waste includes discarded sharps, associated waste from specimen processing, and human tissue with blood.
- Clinical waste is segregated: domestic waste (black bags), non-sharps clinical waste (yellow), and sharps waste (sharps bins).
Spills of Body Fluids
- Small spills should be cleaned up with absorbent material and a 1:10 sodium hypochlorite solution.
- Large spills should be covered with absorbent material, poured with a 1:10 sodium hypochlorite solution, left for several minutes, and wiped up.
- Alternatively, sprinkle chloride granules, wait for 5-10 minutes, scoop with a brush and dustpan, and discard into a yellow bin. Mop the area with a 1:100 sodium hypochlorite solution.
Environmental Cleaning
- Cleaning floors and surfaces, includes bedside lockers and overbed tables, should be done daily.
- Use a vacuum cleaner for floors and disinfectant for other items and furniture.
- Rubbish containers should have close-fitting lids, and be emptied regularly, to avoid overflowing.
Staff Health
- Preventing infection acquisition: Immunisation, covering lesions with waterproof dressings, restricting non-immune/pregnant staff.
- Preventing infection transmission: Seeking medical advice and reporting accidents/untoward incidents.
Staff Training
- All healthcare professionals must include infection prevention and control in daily procedures.
- Training should emphasize the importance of infection prevention, control measures, and good communication to prevent future issues.
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Description
Test your knowledge on personal protective equipment (PPE) and infection control measures. This quiz covers scenarios involving the use of masks, gloves, and other protective gear when handling body fluids. Assess your understanding of when and how to use PPE appropriately.
