Infection Chain and Disease Factors

Questions and Answers

What is the size range of coarse inhalable dust particles?

0.1 μm to 0.4 μm

0.4 μm to 10 μm (correct)

0.2 μm to 5 μm

10 μm to 30 μm

Which of the following is a common gas that is classified as harmful?

Carbon dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Carbon monoxide (correct)

What characterizes vapors compared to gases?

Vapors cannot enter the bloodstream.

Vapors are lighter than air particles.

Vapors exist at or near their boiling temperatures. (correct)

Vapors are solid at room temperature.

Which process commonly generates fumes?

Welding Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dust can penetrate deep into the lungs?

Respirable dust Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between mists and vapors?

Mists consist of liquid droplets, vapors consist of gaseous substances. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of chemicals can have immediate short-term effects when inhaled?

Vapors Signup and view all the answers

What defines the solid form of chemical agents referred to as dust?

Solid particles suspended in air for a duration. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the critical factors for the onset of diseases?

Existence of a reservoir Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to the infection chain?

Management system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a biohazard risk group 1 organism?

Bacillus subtilis Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the environment that influences the host?

Health monitoring Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential factor contributing to antibiotic resistance?

Pathogenic agent mobility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of breaking the infection chain?

To prevent disease transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the virulence of infectious agents?

Weather conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the biohazard symbol is accurate?

It is used as a warning for precautionary measures. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathogens is classified in Risk Group Level 2?

Hepatitis A Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes Risk Group Level 3 pathogens?

They usually cause potentially lethal disease through inhalation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a control measure for Risk Group Level 2 pathogens?

Biohazard labels Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern regarding pathogens classified in Risk Group Level 2?

Laboratory exposures may result in serious infection. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with Risk Group Level 2 pathogens?

Lyme disease Signup and view all the answers

What type of biohazard pathogens pose high individual risk but low community risk?

Risk Group Level 3 pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples belongs to Risk Group Level 3 pathogens?

Typhus Signup and view all the answers

What is a common preventive measure suggested for pathogens in Risk Group Level 3?

Specific laboratory design Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tumor is characterized by localized growth and slow development?

Benign tumor Signup and view all the answers

What are common respiratory symptoms caused by occupational asthma?

Coughing, wheezing, tightness of the chest Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of benzene on the cardiovascular system?

Blood cell production decrease Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is known to cause liver damage, leading to conditions like cirrhosis?

Alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary health hazard associated with chlorine gas?

Severe bronchitis and lung edema Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common use for organic solvents?

As cleansing and degreasing agents Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary effect of respirable dust like asbestos on the respiratory system?

Fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which substance could potentially cause tightening of the chest and sore eyes in small concentrations?

Ammonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration for which monitoring records must be kept for employees exposed to substances listed in Scheduled 1 of USECHH 2000 regulation?

30 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a measure for preventing or controlling hazardous substances?

Regular performance reviews Signup and view all the answers

What is required of employers for employees who may be exposed to hazardous substances?

Sufficient information, instruction, and training Signup and view all the answers

Which type of respiratory protective equipment is commonly used for higher levels of exposure?

Powered respirator Signup and view all the answers

What must emergency plans and procedures be prepared for?

Exposure to hazardous substances beyond normal risks Signup and view all the answers

What is the validity period of a Safety Data Sheet (SDS)?

5 years Signup and view all the answers

Which section is NOT included in a Safety Data Sheet (SDS)?

Accident liability Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the requirements for local exhaust ventilation systems?

Must have a filtration system to capture airborne particles Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Interaction of the Agent, Host, and Environment

Agent includes vectors, carriers, and pathogens, and can show antibiotic resistance and virulent factors.
Host health is influenced by factors like management systems, training, health monitoring, and use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
Environmental factors affecting health consist of population density, medical support availability, weather conditions, and socio-political contexts.

Factors for the Onset of Diseases

Presence of a pathogenic agent and its reservoir is crucial.
Agents must be capable of retention and mobility.
The entry into a new susceptible host is essential for disease spread.

Infection Chain

The chain includes pathogen retention, release, transmission, entry routes, and reaching susceptible hosts.
Infectious control is achieved by breaking any link in this chain.

Biohazard Symbol

Indicates potential exposure to hazards, prompting precautionary actions.

Biohazard Risk Group Classification

Risk Group Level 1: Low risk to healthy individuals; e.g., Bacillus Subtilis, non-infectious bacteria.
Risk Group Level 2: Moderate health hazard, includes mild disease pathogens like hepatitis viruses, HIV, and mumps.
Risk Group Level 3: High individual risk, may cause lethal diseases such as anthrax and tuberculosis, with available treatment.

Forms of Chemical Agents

Dust: Solid particles suspended in the air, causing respiratory issues; can be respirable or inhalable.
Gases: Substances above boiling point; can benefit (oxygen) or harm (carbon monoxide) upon absorption.
Vapors: Substances at boiling temperature, such as solvents; may cause dizziness or long-term brain damage.
Liquids and Mists: Exist between solid and gas phases; mists can arise from spraying processes.
Fumes: Small metallic particles from gas; produced during welding, posing lung damage risks.

Body System, Toxicants & Effects

Respiratory System: Affected by respirable dust, leading to conditions like fibrosis and asthma.
Nervous System: Toxicants like mercury cause memory loss and epilepsy.
Cardiovascular System: Chemicals such as benzene reduce blood cell production.
Urinary System: Solvents affect liver functionality, causing failure or cancer.
Skin Effects: Chemicals can cause irritations and allergic reactions.

Health Hazards of Specific Agents

Cancer can develop into benign or malignant tumors.
Occupational asthma can result from respirators sensitizers like wood dust and solvents, resulting in respiratory distress.
Ammonia exposure causes eye irritation and respiratory issues, requiring strict handling protocols.
Chlorine is toxic, causing severe respiratory problems but is used for disinfection purposes.

Duties of Employers

Health surveillance for employees exposed to specific hazardous substances.
Compliance with emergency plans for hazardous exposure incidents.
Provide sufficient information and training on health risks and necessary precautions.

Preventing/Controlling Measures of Hazardous Substances

Elimination or substitution of hazardous substances is essential.
Implementing ventilation systems, reducing workforce exposure, and ensuring good housekeeping practices improve safety.
Training on risks and effective supervision must be prioritized.
PPE and medical surveillance are critical components of workplace safety.

Local Exhaust Ventilation

A simple LEV system is designed to minimize hazardous air exposure in work environments.

Respiratory Protective Equipment

Various types include filtering masks (N95), half-mask respirators, and full-face masks.
Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is crucial for high-risk environments.

Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

Provides comprehensive information about hazardous chemicals, structured in 16 sections.
Must meet the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) standards, with a validity of five years for hazard assessment.

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Description

Explore the interplay between the agent, host, and environment in disease onset and transmission. Uncover the critical factors that influence infection chains and strategies for breaking them. This quiz also covers biohazard awareness and risk management.