30 Questions
Which type of movements exist in absence of observable sensory stimuli?
Spontaneous movements
Which reflex involves the arms moving into abduction as a protective response?
Moro reflex
What does the term 'head lag' refer to in the context of motor development?
Inability to balance on own while sitting
Which reflex protects the airways in response to a stimulus?
Gag reflex
What is the role of specific reflexes in later voluntary movement?
Play an indirect role in preparing the infant for later voluntary movement
What do current research models reveal about infant motor development?
Infants follow a general sequence of motor milestones, but achieve skills in an individual manner
What does the term 'neonate' refer to in the context of motor development?
Birth to 1 month
What does the term 'prone' refer to in the context of motor development?
Lying on the stomach
What does the term 'supine' refer to in the context of motor development?
Lying on the back
What does the term 'flexor withdrawal' refer to in the context of reflexes?
Protective response to stimulus by flexing the hip and lifting the foot
What is the primary sensory input for balance until the age of 3 years?
Visual
At what age do children reach adult levels of spontaneous sway with eyes open?
9-12 years
What is the approximate age range when children are particularly slow in reactive responses and sway for longer?
4-6 years
What is the primary risk factor for falls according to the text?
Impairment of gait
What characterizes the ability to interpret sensory information and apply it to postural actions?
Development of sensory adaptation
What is the approximate age range when the vestibular system matures with eyes closed?
12-15 years
What system undergoes a period of transition until it reaches a new plateau of stability?
Nervous system
What influences the decrease in balance as one gets older?
Primary (balance decreases as you get older – inevitable)
What is the primary input for balance after the age of 3 years?
Vestibular
What is the approximate age range when children reach adult levels of spontaneous sway with eyes open?
9-12 years
What is a key goal for infants aged 4-6 months in terms of postural control development?
Achieving prone weight bearing on forearms with some strength against gravity and chin tuck
Which milestone should infants aged 7-9 months be able to demonstrate?
Commando crawling
What is crucial for postural control in infants?
Mapping individual senses to actions
What influences the development of postural responses in infants?
Intact musculoskeletal system
At what age should infants be able to squat to play with eccentric control of quadriceps and calf range?
9-15 months
What is the last type of postural responses to develop in infants?
Adaptive postural responses
What influences the recruitment of postural adjustment or protective responses in infants?
Speed and strength of the perturbing force
What do infants develop in their lower limbs when achieving standing?
Stepping strategies
What is a key influence on postural control development in infants?
Visual and vestibular systems
What is the second line of defense to protect the head from hitting the surface in infants?
Extension of limbs and movement away from the trunk
Study Notes
Developmental Milestones in Infants' Postural Control
- Infants aged 4-6 months should achieve prone weight bearing on forearms with some strength against gravity and chin tuck, and they should be able to track objects with their eyes and bring hands and feet to the midline.
- Key goals for infants aged 4-6 months include eye-hand coordination and reaching and grasping toys, while those aged 9-15 months should develop fine pincer grasp and constructive play.
- Infants aged 6-8 months should progress to reaching forward from the base of support and sitting upright, and those aged 7-9 months may demonstrate commando crawling.
- Infants aged 9-15 months should be able to crawl on hands and knees, stand alone with a wide base of support and lumbar lordosis, and squat to play with eccentric control of quadriceps and calf range.
- Postural control development in infants is influenced by intact musculoskeletal system, proprioceptive, visual, and vestibular systems, and maturation and experience.
- There is a large variation in postural control development between females and males, and the process of mapping individual senses to actions, such as vision stimulating action in neck muscles for head righting, is crucial for postural control.
- Infants develop postural responses that are reactive (responding to perturbations) and anticipatory (preparing the body for movement or in anticipation of being perturbed).
- Adaptive postural responses are the last to develop in any particular orientation or posture, and protective responses, such as extension of limbs and movement away from the trunk, act as the second line of defense to protect the head from hitting the surface.
- Postural adjustment or protective response recruitment in infants is influenced by the speed and strength of the perturbing force, and they develop stepping strategies in lower limbs when achieving standing.
Test your knowledge of developmental milestones in infants' postural control with this quiz. Explore key goals for different age groups, postural response development, and factors influencing postural control in infants.
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