CHN PRELIM

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the routes through which an organism may enter the host?

Through the digestive system (correct)

Exposure to sunlight

Direct contact with food

By breathing air

In the epidemiological method, which step involves identifying the affected populations?

Who is affected (correct)

Assessment of environment

Plan for control measures

Determine causal factors

What does the epidemiological method primarily focus on?

Development of new medications

Public health advocacy

Financial assessment of healthcare

Dynamic problem-solving actions (correct)

Which of the following is a component of the causal factors of health and disease occurrence?

Host, agent, and environment Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the goals in the planning stage of the epidemiological method?

Identify preventive activities Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does the epidemiological method NOT help to determine?

Travel history of affected persons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Pender's Health Promotion Model?

Behavioral outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration in the epidemiological method regarding disease occurrence?

The natural history of the disease Signup and view all the answers

Which model is designed to help planners analyze health needs and design effective programs?

Precede-Proceed Model Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiology, what does 'time' refer to when assessing affected persons?

When the persons were affected Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of occupational health nursing?

Promoting health in the workplace Signup and view all the answers

What does the Precede-Proceed Model help evaluate besides program design?

Cost-effectiveness of health interventions Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?

Total deaths, less than one year of age in a calendar year x 1000 Signup and view all the answers

How does Pender’s Health Promotion Model view individual actions?

Influenced by personal characteristics and experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately defines Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)?

The number of maternal deaths directly due to pregnancy within 90 days of delivery. Signup and view all the answers

What is a foundational aspect of occupational health nursing?

Research-based practice with an emphasis on health optimization Signup and view all the answers

Based on the given data, how has the average life expectancy changed from 2000 to 2019?

It increased from 68.6 years to 71 years. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population was estimated to be in the 0-14 age group in 1994?

39% Signup and view all the answers

Which area is NOT a focus of Pender’s Health Promotion Model?

Public health policy evaluation Signup and view all the answers

What does a dependency ratio of 79 indicate?

79 people depend on 100 people of productive age (15-59). Signup and view all the answers

What role does occupational health nursing play in the workplace?

Delivers services to optimize health and reduce hazards Signup and view all the answers

How is the specific rate of mortality calculated?

Total deaths from a specified cause per 1,000 person-years at risk. Signup and view all the answers

What was the population density of Metro Manila?

16,051 people per square kilometer. Signup and view all the answers

What was the urban population percentage in 1994 relative to 1984 data?

44% in 1994, increasing from 37% in 1984. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the epidemiological process?

Determine the nature, extent, and significance of the problem Signup and view all the answers

What does the incubation period refer to?

The length of time from exposure to showing of s/s Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of implementing a control plan in epidemiology?

To manage the disease effectively with community cooperation Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the epidemiological process involves collecting primary data?

Step 1 Signup and view all the answers

What defines the source of infection?

The organism in which the infection lives and propagates Signup and view all the answers

How many basic steps are in the epidemiological process?

8 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of quarantine?

To restrict movement of well individuals after exposure to a disease Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized during the evaluation of the control plan?

How well objectives were met and comparing the situation before and after Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes isolation?

Taking precautions to prevent the spread of infection from a patient Signup and view all the answers

How is incidence defined?

The frequency of new cases in a population at risk within a specific period Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common determinant influencing a health condition?

Public transportation systems Signup and view all the answers

Step 5 in the epidemiological process focuses on which crucial aspect?

Implementing the control plan with a multisectoral approach Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be a source of infection?

A contaminated water source Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when it is stated that steps in the epidemiological process may overlap?

Some steps can happen simultaneously or influence each other Signup and view all the answers

What defines the outer milieu as a source of infection?

It includes environments contaminated by infectious agents Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding mycoses as a source of infection?

Mycoses can live as saprophytes on dead matter Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Population and Vital Statistics

Population growth from 75.3 million in 2000 to 109 million in 2020.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) calculated by:
- (Total deaths <1 year x 1000) / Total live births.
Life expectancy increased from 68.6 years in 1999 to 71 years in 2019, with females at 71.28 years and males at 66.03 years.
In 1994, 39% of the population was aged 0-14; 5% were 60 years or older.
Dependency ratio of 79; for every 100 people of working age (15-59), there are 79 dependents (ages 0-14 and 60+).
Population density averages 249 people per square kilometer; Metro Manila has the highest at 16,051, while CAR has the lowest at 75.

Health Metrics

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) determined by:
- (Total maternal deaths x 1000) / Total live births.
Specific mortality rates assess deaths from designated causes per 1,000 person-years at risk.

Health Promotion Models

Pender’s Health Promotion Model emphasizes:
- Individual characteristics, behavior-specific cognitions, and behavioral outcomes.
Lawrence Green's Precede-Proceed Model aids in health program planning, evaluation, and situational analysis.

Occupational Health Nursing

Focuses on worker health in community settings, ensuring safety and addressing health hazards.
Research-based practice emphasizes health optimization and illness prevention.

Infectious Disease Concepts

A source of infection is any location where infection agents live and propagate, can be humans or animals.
Incidence refers to new cases of disease within a population over a specified timeframe (typically one year).
Isolation is used to prevent the spread of infectious agents from infected individuals to others.
Quarantine restricts movement of healthy individuals exposed to infectious pathogens to prevent spread during the incubation period.

Epidemiological Method

Uses a cyclical approach to identify and control health issues, focusing on affected persons, locations, and timelines.
Steps include determining:
- Who is affected, where they live, when they were exposed, causal factors, and prevalence/incidence rates.
Control plans based on population needs, legal mandates, and community priorities are essential for effective implementation.

Epidemiological Process

Encompasses eight steps that may overlap, focusing on:
- Defining the nature and significance of health issues.
- Identifying determinants and implementing control plans.
Evaluation of plans involves comparing current outcomes to pre-investigation scenarios to assess improvements.

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