65 Questions
What was the difference in heart rate response between 5-month-old infants and 9-month-old infants when measured over the visual cliff?
5-month-olds showed a deceleration, and 9-month-olds showed an increase
What did crawlers show compared to non-crawlers when it comes to wariness?
Crawlers showed more wariness
What does the text suggest about depth perception in newborn infants?
Newborn infants understand size constancy
Based on the text, what factor seems to determine whether an infant will cross the deep side of the visual cliff?
Experience with crawling and/or walking
What does the text suggest about wariness in infants regarding falling?
Wariness is not solely due to falling experiences
How did the infants' crawling experience relate to their level of wariness according to the text?
Crawling experience correlated with higher levels of wariness
Why did infants familiarized with the continuous event look longer at the two-object display?
They reasoned that two objects were involved in the event.
What conflict arises from the data regarding infants' search behavior for hidden objects?
Infants do not begin searching until 6 months old, contradicting violation of expectation studies.
What is a possible reason why infants might make search errors according to the text?
Memory limitations could lead to cognitive overload.
Based on the text, what could be a reason for the violation-of-expectation studies showing early understanding of object permanence?
Infants start reasoning about events and object permanence early on.
What might cause an infant to look longer at a display that violates their familiar reasoning?
An assumption of object permanence
How does familiarization impact infant reasoning in relation to real-world events?
It influences their understanding of object permanence.
What did Baillageron's truck and ramp study reveal about infants' perception of the 'impossible' event?
Infants look longer at novel stimuli, ruling out the possibility of looking longer at the impossible event due to novel stimuli.
What was the significance of the Drawbridge Study in understanding infants' object permanence?
It demonstrated that young infants can understand object permanence, as they looked longer at the impossible event.
How do nativist perspectives differ from Piaget's beliefs regarding infant object knowledge?
Piaget believed infants are born with all knowledge they need, while nativists contend that some knowledge is innate and must be built upon.
How do young infants demonstrate their understanding in terms of support relationships between objects?
They rely on any above-below contact between objects as sufficient support.
What aspect of infants' cognitive development was challenged by the results of Baillageron's and the Drawbridge studies?
Object permanence
In terms of infants' cognitive development, what role does the requirement for more support play as they grow older?
With age, infants need additional support features to prevent toppling.
What term is used to describe an infant's ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen?
Object permanence
At what age do infants typically begin to search for hidden objects, showing signs of object permanence?
6-8 months
What type of error tends to persist in infants between 8-12 months according to Piaget's research?
A-not-B error
Which technique involves testing infant expectations by presenting possible and impossible scenarios in object movement?
Violation of expectation technique
What sign indicates that infants may be confused or distressed during the violation of expectation studies?
Looking longer at the impossible event
What did T.G. Bower's studies primarily focus on regarding infant object knowledge?
Infant anticipation of object reappearance
What did Baillageron's truck and ramp study demonstrate about infants' perception of the 'impossible' event?
The possible and impossible events were identical when the screen was lowered.
What do nativist perspectives suggest about infant object knowledge according to the text?
Innate knowledge is built upon to achieve a more accurate understanding of the world.
In terms of infants' cognitive development, what role does the requirement for more support play as they grow older?
Infants require objects to provide more support before considering them stable.
What aspect of infants' reasoning was challenged by the results of Baillageron's and the Drawbridge studies?
Object permanence
How did Innate Core Knowledge theories contradict Piaget's beliefs regarding infant object knowledge?
By asserting that object knowledge and permanence are innate abilities in infants.
Why do young infants require less support between objects for stability according to the text?
Because they have a strong innate sense of object permanence.
Why did infants familiarized with the discontinuous event look longer at the one-object display?
They expected to see only one object based on their familiarization.
What does the violation-of-expectation studies suggest about infants' understanding of object permanence?
Infants display object permanence skills around 3-4 months of age.
What could explain the conflict between infants' search failure and their ability to understand object permanence?
Memory limitations could be impacting infants' search performance.
Why do infants often display an 'a-not-b error' when searching for hidden objects?
The search task imposes a cognitive load on infants.
Why might infants make search errors according to the text?
Cognitive load arising from memory limitations may affect their performance.
How did infants reason about the display that violated their familiar reasoning?
They looked longer at the display that aligned with their prior experiences.
What did the heart-rate change in 5-month-old infants when measured over the visual cliff suggest?
Interest in the deep part
What did the heart-rate change in 9-month-old infants when measured over the visual cliff indicate?
Stress and unease
What did even newborn infants understand about size constancy according to the text?
Perception of depth differences
What determines whether an infant will cross the deep side of the visual cliff according to the text?
Crawling or walking experience
Why did 9-month-old infants show an increase in heart rate over the deep part of the visual cliff?
Wariness of drops
What did even newborn infants seem to grasp according to the text?
Depth perception
Why did infants familiarized with the discontinuous event look longer at the one-object display?
They were expecting to see two objects based on their prior familiarization.
What is a possible reason why infants might make search errors according to the text?
Memory limitations causing cognitive load
How did infants reason about the display that violated their familiar reasoning?
By looking longer at the display that contradicted their familiarization.
What conflict arises from the data regarding infants' search behavior for hidden objects?
Delay in searching for hidden objects until 6 months
On what basis did infants determine whether one or two objects were involved in an event according to the text?
What they saw during familiarization
What does it mean when infants look longer at a display that violates their familiar reasoning?
They are surprised or confused by the unexpected display.
Why do infants look longer at the impossible event in Baillageron's truck and ramp study?
Due to a change in screen position
What did the Drawbridge Study reveal about 5-month-old infants' understanding?
They understood object permanence
How do nativist perspectives on infant object knowledge differ from Piaget's beliefs?
Nativists believe all knowledge is innate, while Piaget did not
What is the developmental trend observed regarding infants' requirement for support between objects as they grow older?
They need more support as they age
What contradicts Piaget's beliefs about infant object knowledge according to the text?
'Innate Core Knowledge'
Why do young infants require less support between objects for stability according to the text?
To avoid toppling the above object
Do infants exhibit spatial orientation skills during infancy?
Yes, evidence suggests spatial skills develop as infants grow older
What does response perseveration suggest as a reason for the a-not-b error in infants?
Infants form a response habit of reaching for the object at the 'B' location
What does evidence against response perseveration suggest about the a-not-b error?
Infants exhibit the error despite not physically reaching for the object at the 'A' location
What contributes to the memory limitations leading to the a-not-b error?
Response perseveration habits of infants
How do infants' sophisticated memory abilities impact their success in tasks?
They contribute to greater success as infants grow older
At what age do infants typically begin to search for hidden objects, demonstrating object permanence?
6-8 months
What term describes the error that continues to persist in infants between 8-12 months according to Piaget?
A-not-B Error
What did T.G. Bower's violation-of-expectation studies primarily focus on in the 1960s-70s?
Object Permanence
What technique involves presenting infants with possible and impossible scenarios of object movement to test their expectations?
Violation of Expectation Technique
What do infants show signs of when their expectations are violated during the violation-of-expectation studies?
Confusion and Distress
What was a significant finding from Jean Piaget's research related to infants and hidden objects?
Infants can understand complex sequences of object hiding at 8-12 months
Explore how infants' heart rate changes are used to measure wariness in different developmental stages. Learn about the visual cliff experiment and crawling experience in relation to infants' perception of depth and development of wariness.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
