Infant Development: Heart Rate Change and Wariness
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Questions and Answers

What was the difference in heart rate response between 5-month-old infants and 9-month-old infants when measured over the visual cliff?

  • 5-month-olds showed a deceleration, and 9-month-olds showed an increase (correct)
  • Both 5-month-olds and 9-month-olds showed an increase
  • 5-month-olds showed an increase, and 9-month-olds showed a deceleration
  • Both 5-month-olds and 9-month-olds showed a deceleration

    • What did crawlers show compared to non-crawlers when it comes to wariness?

  • There was no difference in wariness between crawlers and non-crawlers
  • Non-crawlers showed more wariness
  • Non-crawlers were more cognitively advanced than crawlers
  • Crawlers showed more wariness (correct)

    • What does the text suggest about depth perception in newborn infants?

  • Depth perception in newborns is still developing
  • Newborn infants have no depth perception
  • Newborns perceive depth only after crawling experience
  • Newborn infants understand size constancy (correct)

    • Based on the text, what factor seems to determine whether an infant will cross the deep side of the visual cliff?

    <p>Experience with crawling and/or walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about wariness in infants regarding falling?

    <p>Wariness is not solely due to falling experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the infants' crawling experience relate to their level of wariness according to the text?

    <p>Crawling experience correlated with higher levels of wariness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did infants familiarized with the continuous event look longer at the two-object display?

    <p>They reasoned that two objects were involved in the event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conflict arises from the data regarding infants' search behavior for hidden objects?

    <p>Infants do not begin searching until 6 months old, contradicting violation of expectation studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible reason why infants might make search errors according to the text?

    <p>Memory limitations could lead to cognitive overload.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what could be a reason for the violation-of-expectation studies showing early understanding of object permanence?

    <p>Infants start reasoning about events and object permanence early on.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might cause an infant to look longer at a display that violates their familiar reasoning?

    <p>An assumption of object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does familiarization impact infant reasoning in relation to real-world events?

    <p>It influences their understanding of object permanence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Baillageron's truck and ramp study reveal about infants' perception of the 'impossible' event?

    <p>Infants look longer at novel stimuli, ruling out the possibility of looking longer at the impossible event due to novel stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Drawbridge Study in understanding infants' object permanence?

    <p>It demonstrated that young infants can understand object permanence, as they looked longer at the impossible event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do nativist perspectives differ from Piaget's beliefs regarding infant object knowledge?

    <p>Piaget believed infants are born with all knowledge they need, while nativists contend that some knowledge is innate and must be built upon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do young infants demonstrate their understanding in terms of support relationships between objects?

    <p>They rely on any above-below contact between objects as sufficient support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of infants' cognitive development was challenged by the results of Baillageron's and the Drawbridge studies?

    <p>Object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of infants' cognitive development, what role does the requirement for more support play as they grow older?

    <p>With age, infants need additional support features to prevent toppling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe an infant's ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen?

    <p>Object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically begin to search for hidden objects, showing signs of object permanence?

    <p>6-8 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of error tends to persist in infants between 8-12 months according to Piaget's research?

    <p>A-not-B error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves testing infant expectations by presenting possible and impossible scenarios in object movement?

    <p>Violation of expectation technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sign indicates that infants may be confused or distressed during the violation of expectation studies?

    <p>Looking longer at the impossible event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did T.G. Bower's studies primarily focus on regarding infant object knowledge?

    <p>Infant anticipation of object reappearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Baillageron's truck and ramp study demonstrate about infants' perception of the 'impossible' event?

    <p>The possible and impossible events were identical when the screen was lowered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do nativist perspectives suggest about infant object knowledge according to the text?

    <p>Innate knowledge is built upon to achieve a more accurate understanding of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of infants' cognitive development, what role does the requirement for more support play as they grow older?

    <p>Infants require objects to provide more support before considering them stable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of infants' reasoning was challenged by the results of Baillageron's and the Drawbridge studies?

    <p>Object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Innate Core Knowledge theories contradict Piaget's beliefs regarding infant object knowledge?

    <p>By asserting that object knowledge and permanence are innate abilities in infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do young infants require less support between objects for stability according to the text?

    <p>Because they have a strong innate sense of object permanence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did infants familiarized with the discontinuous event look longer at the one-object display?

    <p>They expected to see only one object based on their familiarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the violation-of-expectation studies suggest about infants' understanding of object permanence?

    <p>Infants display object permanence skills around 3-4 months of age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could explain the conflict between infants' search failure and their ability to understand object permanence?

    <p>Memory limitations could be impacting infants' search performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do infants often display an 'a-not-b error' when searching for hidden objects?

    <p>The search task imposes a cognitive load on infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might infants make search errors according to the text?

    <p>Cognitive load arising from memory limitations may affect their performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did infants reason about the display that violated their familiar reasoning?

    <p>They looked longer at the display that aligned with their prior experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the heart-rate change in 5-month-old infants when measured over the visual cliff suggest?

    <p>Interest in the deep part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the heart-rate change in 9-month-old infants when measured over the visual cliff indicate?

    <p>Stress and unease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did even newborn infants understand about size constancy according to the text?

    <p>Perception of depth differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether an infant will cross the deep side of the visual cliff according to the text?

    <p>Crawling or walking experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did 9-month-old infants show an increase in heart rate over the deep part of the visual cliff?

    <p>Wariness of drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did even newborn infants seem to grasp according to the text?

    <p>Depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did infants familiarized with the discontinuous event look longer at the one-object display?

    <p>They were expecting to see two objects based on their prior familiarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible reason why infants might make search errors according to the text?

    <p>Memory limitations causing cognitive load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did infants reason about the display that violated their familiar reasoning?

    <p>By looking longer at the display that contradicted their familiarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conflict arises from the data regarding infants' search behavior for hidden objects?

    <p>Delay in searching for hidden objects until 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On what basis did infants determine whether one or two objects were involved in an event according to the text?

    <p>What they saw during familiarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when infants look longer at a display that violates their familiar reasoning?

    <p>They are surprised or confused by the unexpected display.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do infants look longer at the impossible event in Baillageron's truck and ramp study?

    <p>Due to a change in screen position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Drawbridge Study reveal about 5-month-old infants' understanding?

    <p>They understood object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do nativist perspectives on infant object knowledge differ from Piaget's beliefs?

    <p>Nativists believe all knowledge is innate, while Piaget did not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the developmental trend observed regarding infants' requirement for support between objects as they grow older?

    <p>They need more support as they age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contradicts Piaget's beliefs about infant object knowledge according to the text?

    <p>'Innate Core Knowledge'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do young infants require less support between objects for stability according to the text?

    <p>To avoid toppling the above object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do infants exhibit spatial orientation skills during infancy?

    <p>Yes, evidence suggests spatial skills develop as infants grow older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does response perseveration suggest as a reason for the a-not-b error in infants?

    <p>Infants form a response habit of reaching for the object at the 'B' location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does evidence against response perseveration suggest about the a-not-b error?

    <p>Infants exhibit the error despite not physically reaching for the object at the 'A' location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the memory limitations leading to the a-not-b error?

    <p>Response perseveration habits of infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants' sophisticated memory abilities impact their success in tasks?

    <p>They contribute to greater success as infants grow older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically begin to search for hidden objects, demonstrating object permanence?

    <p>6-8 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the error that continues to persist in infants between 8-12 months according to Piaget?

    <p>A-not-B Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did T.G. Bower's violation-of-expectation studies primarily focus on in the 1960s-70s?

    <p>Object Permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique involves presenting infants with possible and impossible scenarios of object movement to test their expectations?

    <p>Violation of Expectation Technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do infants show signs of when their expectations are violated during the violation-of-expectation studies?

    <p>Confusion and Distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant finding from Jean Piaget's research related to infants and hidden objects?

    <p>Infants can understand complex sequences of object hiding at 8-12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

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