Infancy Development Theories and Research

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Questions and Answers

Which depth cue would an infant likely develop first?

  • Optical expansion
  • Occlusion
  • Stereopsis
  • Motion parallax (correct)

What is the main concept Gibson's visual cliff experiment aimed to demonstrate?

  • Infants' ability to perceive depth is innate.
  • Infants' fear of heights is inherent.
  • Infants' preference for crawling over solid surfaces.
  • Infants' understanding of depth is acquired through experience. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a type of depth cue?

  • Binocular cues
  • Kinematic cues
  • Auditory cues (correct)
  • Monocular cues

What is the primary function of attention in infants' development?

<p>To facilitate information processing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does orienting attention differ from selecting attention?

<p>Orienting attention involves focusing on a particular stimulus, while selecting attention involves ignoring irrelevant stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial for infants to focus on objects before learning from them?

<p>Focusing allows infants to perceive objects more clearly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the statement: "If we don't attend to something, we don't process it"?

<p>It highlights the role of attention in information processing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the development of orienting and disengagement in infants?

<p>Orienting develops before disengagement, and both mature over the first month after birth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of maintaining attention relate to infants' learning?

<p>Maintaining attention reduces distractions and promotes effective learning from experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the development of depth perception contribute to infants' understanding of the world?

<p>Depth perception allows infants to navigate their environment safely and efficiently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately reflects the relationship between visual acuity and vernier acuity in infants?

<p>Vernier acuity lags behind grating acuity at birth, but eventually surpasses it by the age of 5. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor limiting the development of early perception in infants?

<p>The inherent limitations of the sensory processing system, leading to challenges in integrating information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of spatial vision development?

<p>Depth Perception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these sensory modalities develops LAST in infants?

<p>Vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of perceptual development?

<p>To create a comprehensive and organized understanding of the surrounding world. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of colic?

<p>Frequent and inconsolable crying in infants under 3 months of age that is not explained by any medical condition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sleep dominates an infant's sleep cycle?

<p>REM sleep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the FDA classification system used for over-the-counter drugs?

<p>It categorizes drugs based on their safety during pregnancy, from Category A (safe) to Category X (teratogenic). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of communication for newborns?

<p>Vocalizations, including crying, cooing, and gurgling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, which of the following environments would directly influence a child's development by interacting with their family and peers?

<p>Mesosystem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of prenatal development is characterized by the formation of the major organ systems, including the heart, and the three germ layers?

<p>Embryo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a study where researchers track the same group of infants over several years to observe their cognitive development. This research study can be categorized as:

<p>Longitudinal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child is presented with a toy that is hidden under a blanket. The child searches for the toy, demonstrating an understanding that the object continues to exist even when out of sight. Which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does this scenario illustrate?

<p>Sensorimotor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a measurement commonly used to assess infant abilities?

<p>Intelligence quotient (IQ) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Dynamic Systems Theory, development is best understood as:

<p>A dynamic interplay of multiple factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary characteristic of the Fetal stage of prenatal development?

<p>Development of the placenta and amniotic sac (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Gesell's Maturation Theory?

<p>It provides a clear explanation for developmental delays and disabilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Gesell's Maturation Theory, what is the implication of an infant reaching a motor milestone earlier than the average age?

<p>The infant is likely to have a stronger genetic predisposition for motor skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices, as described in the content, is MOST likely to delay a child's motor development?

<p>Gahvora cradle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key concept of Thelen's Dynamic Systems Theory that contrasts with Gesell's Maturation Theory?

<p>Motor development involves a complex interaction of multiple factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, which of the following statements about motor milestones is TRUE?

<p>The sequence of motor milestones may vary, with some infants skipping or regressing before progressing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method used to measure attention in infants?

<p>Covert Attention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of infant attention, what is the primary role of "Selective attention"?

<p>To efficiently process complex stimuli by focusing on the most relevant information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor that influences the duration of an infant's attention in the first six months of life?

<p>The infant's developmental stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does attention development vary with environmental factors?

<p>Socioeconomic status can significantly impact attention development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between attention holding and selective attention?

<p>Attention holding focuses on maintaining sustained focus, while selective attention involves prioritizing relevant information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between attention and perception?

<p>Attention influences perception by guiding the selection and interpretation of sensory information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided content, which of the following is a key factor that contributes to the development of infant perception?

<p>The infant's capacity to learn and adapt to new experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the "Visual Cliff Experiment" in relation to infant development?

<p>Assessing depth perception development in infants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided content, what is the most likely explanation for why younger infants tend to look longer at the same object compared to older infants?

<p>Younger infants require more time to process the visual information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of "memory & categorization" in the context of infant development?

<p>These abilities allow infants to recognize and categorize objects, sounds, and faces, contributing to their ability to learn. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cascades

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory shows development is influenced by multiple environments.

Microsystem

The immediate environment affecting a child's development, such as family and caregivers.

Sensory Stage

The first stage in Piaget's Cognitive Development where infants learn through their senses.

Object Permanence

Understanding that objects exist even when not visible, acquired in the sensorimotor stage.

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Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to adapt and change as a result of experience.

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Embryo Development

Stage of prenatal development where major organs and structures start forming (3-8 weeks).

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Fetus Stage

Final stage of prenatal development focused on body growth and differentiation (9-38 weeks).

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Gesell's Maturation Theory

Theory stating infants follow a set sequence of motor milestones, emphasizing nature over nurture.

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Colic

Excessive, unexplained crying in the first 3 months of life.

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Visual Development

The process where infants learn to see and recognize objects and features.

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Classic Motor Milestones

Standard series of physical skills infants typically achieve at specific ages such as crawling and walking.

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Acuity

The measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision.

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Criticism of Milestones

Some infants skip milestones; development can vary by culture and experience.

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Contrast Sensitivity

The ability to detect differences in light and dark areas.

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Dynamic Systems Theory

Modern theory emphasizing interaction of brain, muscles, experience, and environment in motor development.

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Sensorial Development Order

Touch, hearing, taste, smell, and vision develop in that order before birth.

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Active vs. Passive Exercise

Active exercise boosts motor development, while passive exercise delays milestone achievement.

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Vernier Acuity

The ability to detect misalignments in visual patterns.

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FDA Drug Classification

Ranks OTC drugs from Category A (safe) to Category X (teratogenic).

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Preferred Looking

A method to test visual acuity based on infants' gaze direction.

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Crying as Communication

Crying serves as an early tool for newborns to express needs and discomfort.

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Attention Holding

Infants maintaining focus on a particular stimulus, like a mother's face.

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Looking Time Methods

Techniques to measure how long an infant looks at a stimulus to assess attention.

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Eye-Tracking

A method that records gaze patterns to observe shifts in attention.

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Covert Attention

Focusing on something without directly looking at it.

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Selective Attention

The ability to focus on a specific stimulus from a cluttered environment.

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Attention Maintenance

The capacity to sustain focus on a stimulus over time, crucial in learning.

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Visual Acuity

The clarity or sharpness of vision, which develops rapidly in infancy.

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Trichromatic Theory

Theory explaining color vision based on three types of cones maturing in infants.

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Depth Perception

The ability to perceive the distance of objects, developing through various cues.

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Visual Cliff Experiment

A study demonstrating infants' depth perception development through visual cues.

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Visual Cliff

An experimental tool created by Gibson to study depth perception in infants.

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Kinematic Cues

Depth cues that arise from motion, like motion parallax and optical expansion.

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Motion Parallax

A depth cue where closer objects move faster compared to distant ones.

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Binocular Cues

Depth cues that require both eyes, such as stereopsis for 3D vision.

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Monocular Cues

Depth cues that can be perceived with one eye, such as size and occlusion.

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Attention

The process of selecting important information while ignoring distractions.

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Orienting Attention

Directing attention to a new stimulus, like a baby looking at a face.

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Maintaining Attention

The ability to stay focused on a task over time.

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Study Notes

Infancy Stages

  • Infancy is defined as the period from birth to 2 years of age.
  • During infancy, cognitive development is seen without language.
  • Infancy is crucial for establishing fundamental adult behaviors and capacities.

Theories of Infancy

  • Nativism vs. Empiricism: Nativism suggests innate abilities; empiricism states that abilities are learned.
  • Piaget's Constructivist Theory: Infants build their knowledge through experience and interactions with the environment.
  • Gibson's Ecological Theory: Infants actively seek insights from their environment.

Research Designs

  • Correlational: Examines relationships between variables without establishing cause-and-effect.
  • Experimental: Involves manipulating an independent variable to measure its effect on a dependent variable (cause-and-effect).
  • Quasi-experiments: Similar to experiments but use existing groups instead of randomly assigned groups.
  • Longitudinal: Studies the same participants over a long period.
  • Cross-sectional: Studies participants of different ages at the same time.
  • Cross-sequential: Combines features of longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches.

Infant Research Methods

  • Looking paradigms: Measure visual attention and preferences for stimuli.
  • Preferential looking: Measures spontaneous preference for one stimulus over another.
  • Habituation: Examining decreased interest in a repeated stimulus.
  • Reaching studies: Assess depth perception.
  • Visual evoked potentials (VEPs): Measures brain responses to visual stimuli.

Development of Infant Development

  • Nature vs Nurture: Both nature and nurture contribute to development.
  • Additive effects: Genes and the environment independently contribute to development.
  • GXE interactions: Genes and environment interact to influence development.

Environmental Influences

  • Critical periods: Specific timeframes where experiences can have a profound impact on development.
  • Parents and caregivers: Primary figures in early social and learning environments.
  • Institutions and policies: Impact infant development through childcare, healthcare, and educational policies.
  • Culture: Cultural differences and values influence development.

Measurement of Infant Development

  • Behavioral measures: Observing actions and responses to stimuli, such as looking time.
  • Physiological measures: Recording brain waves, heart rate, and other physiological responses to stimuli.

Psychological Constructs

  • Concepts that are not directly observable include memory, perception, and language development.
  • Holistic development: Cognitive, motor, emotional, and social growth interact and influence each other.
  • Dynamic systems theory: Growth emerges from the integration and interaction of multiple systems (body, brain, and environment).

General Summary

  • Infant development is a period of tremendous growth and change.
  • Research focuses on understanding how innate and learned abilities develop.
  • Both environmental and genetic factors shape development.
  • Several methods are used to study infants' perception and cognition.

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