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Questions and Answers
What is the age range when an infant typically develops the skill of walking alone?
What is the age range when an infant typically develops the skill of walking alone?
- 7-8 months
- 11-12 months
- 10-11 months
- 11 months, 3 weeks (correct)
What is the name of the disease caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein?
What is the name of the disease caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein?
- Malnutrition syndrome
- Protein deficiency disease
- Kwashiorkor (correct)
- Marasmus
At what age do infants typically grasp a cube?
At what age do infants typically grasp a cube?
- 3 months
- 2 months
- 4 months
- 3 months, 3 weeks (correct)
What is the name of the disease caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients?
What is the name of the disease caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients?
How do infants learn about the world, according to social referencing?
How do infants learn about the world, according to social referencing?
What is the age when an infant typically shows emotional resonance by expressing the same emotion in response?
What is the age when an infant typically shows emotional resonance by expressing the same emotion in response?
At what age is attachment between the infant and their mother typically formed?
At what age is attachment between the infant and their mother typically formed?
What is temperament primarily concerned with?
What is temperament primarily concerned with?
What percentage of infants are classified as 'easy children'?
What percentage of infants are classified as 'easy children'?
What is characteristic of 'difficult children'?
What is characteristic of 'difficult children'?
What percentage of infants do not fit into the three temperament categories?
What percentage of infants do not fit into the three temperament categories?
What is characteristic of the 'slow to warm up' child?
What is characteristic of the 'slow to warm up' child?
What is an indication of an infant's understanding of the concept of self?
What is an indication of an infant's understanding of the concept of self?
What is attachment in the context of child development?
What is attachment in the context of child development?
At what age do children typically show an understanding of the concept of self?
At what age do children typically show an understanding of the concept of self?
What is the primary reason why infants react to figures who are soft and warm?
What is the primary reason why infants react to figures who are soft and warm?
What is a characteristic of children's emotional expression during language acquisition?
What is a characteristic of children's emotional expression during language acquisition?
What is the result of a child seeing their image in the mirror and touching their nose and not the nose in the image?
What is the result of a child seeing their image in the mirror and touching their nose and not the nose in the image?
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Study Notes
Infancy Development
Motor Development
- At 6 weeks, infants can hold their head erect and steady when held upright
- By 2 months, they can lift themselves by their arms when prone
- Infants can roll from side to back at 2 months and from back to side at 4 ½ weeks
- They can grasp a cube at 3 months, 3 weeks, and sit alone at 7 months
- Crawling begins at 7 months, and infants can pull themselves to stand at 8 months
- They can play pat-a-cake at 9 months, 3 weeks, and stand alone at 11 months
- Walking alone begins at 11 months, 3 weeks, and building a tower of two cubes at 11 months, 3 weeks
- Scribbling vigorously starts at 14 months, and walking up stairs with help at 16 months
- Jumping in one place begins at 23 months, 2 weeks, and walking on tiptoes at 25 months
Emotional Development
- Infants exhibit a range of emotional expressions at birth, which are likely innate
- They perceive facial expressions of emotion and show emotional resonance by responding with the same emotion
- Infants learn about the world through social referencing, observing adults' reactions to events
- They show signs of complex emotions like jealousy, coyness, self-awareness, pride, and shame
- Emotional awareness is evident in parent-infant interactions, where infants display distress when their parent's reaction is unexpected
Attachment
- Attachment between infant and mother forms between 6-8 weeks, leading to separation anxiety when the mother is absent
- The mother serves as a secure base for exploring the world
- Attachment is a strong affectional/emotional tie that leads to pleasure, joy, and comfort in the presence of the caregiver
Temperament
- Temperament refers to stable individual differences in emotional reaction, activity level, attention, and emotional self-regulation
- It is apparent at birth and contributes to debates about the genetic basis of personality
- There are three types of temperament: easy (40%), difficult (10%), and slow to warm up (15%)
Language Development
- Infants show an understanding of the concept of self by 15 months, as evidenced by their response to a mirror image with lipstick on their nose
- Children become more emotionally expressive with language acquisition
- They are poor at hiding their feelings, and their emotional expressiveness increases with language development
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