18 Questions
What is the reflex that causes the big toe to bend back when the sole of the foot is stroked?
Babinski Reflex
Which reflex is triggered by oral stimulation and helps prevent choking?
Gag Reflex
When the cheek is stroked, which reflex results in the head turning towards the direction of the touch?
Moro Reflex
Which reflex involves the fingers closing in a grasp when the palm is stroked?
Grasping Reflex
At what stage do neonates develop at least some functional color vision?
Within the first 3 months after birth
Which reflex involves latching onto a nipple and drawing milk into the mouth by suction?
Sucking Reflex
What is the average birth weight range for a neonate?
2.5-5 kg
What does an APGAR score of 4 to 6 indicate?
Breathing support is needed
At what age does babyhood typically start according to Hurlock's Stages of Human Development?
2 weeks old
What is the significance of birth weight in postnatal survival?
It affects lung development
'Fetal macrosomia' refers to babies with a birth weight of:
>9 kg
What does the APGAR scale assess in newborns?
Condition after birth
Which emotion is associated with perceiving one's internal states and viewing oneself through the eyes of others?
Embarrassment
What is the primary way infants communicate their needs, such as hunger or pain?
Crying
At what age do infants typically display anticipatory smiling, a behavior demonstrating sharing an experience with a parent or caregiver?
8-10 months
Which behavior demonstrates the ability to put oneself in another person's shoes and feel what the other person feels?
Empathy
From contentment to joy, from interest to surprise, and from distress to sadness, disgust, anger, and fear take place during which period in an infant's development?
Birth to 6 months
At what age do self-evaluative emotions like pride, shame, and guilt typically emerge based on awareness and knowledge of social standards?
2 1/2 to 3 years
Study Notes
Primitive Reflexes in Infants
- Stroking the sole of the foot causes the big toe to bend back and the other toes to fan out (Rooting Reflex).
- Stroking the cheek causes the head to turn towards the direction and the mouth to open (Moro Reflex).
- Loud noises, intense light, and sudden movements cause the arms to fling out sideways or pull arms tight in the chest (Gag Reflex).
- Contraction of the back of the throat triggered by oral stimulation prevents choking (Gag Reflex).
- Stroking the palm causes the fingers to close in a grasp (Grasping Reflex).
- Latching onto a nipple with the lips and drawing milk into the mouth by suction is sometimes triggered when the roof of the mouth is touched (Sucking Reflex).
Infancy and Babyhood
- Infancy is the earliest period of postnatal life, generally denoting the time from birth through the first year.
- Babyhood is marked from 2 weeks until 2 years old.
- Average birth weight is 2.5-5 kg, with boys slightly heavier and longer than girls.
- Birth weight is a key factor in postnatal survival, associated with maturity in the lungs and other organs.
APGAR Scale
- The APGAR Scale is a rating scale or rapid method of evaluation for the condition of the new-born.
- An overall score of 7 or better reflects good condition, scores of 4 to 6 indicate the need for breathing support, and 3 or below, the baby is in urgent need of assistance.
Benefits of Skin-to-Skin Contact
- Regulates temperature, breathing, and heart rate.
- Stimulates feeding instincts and digestion.
- Releases the hormone oxytocin.
First Signs of Personality and Emotions
- Crying is the primary way of communicating needs, such as hunger, pain, frustration, anger, and social needs.
- Social Smiling occurs around the 2nd month, where infants gaze and smile at their parents/caregivers.
- Anticipatory Smiling occurs around the 8th-10th month, where infants smile at an object and then gaze at a parent/caregiver as a form of sharing an experience.
Development of Emotions
- First six months: contentment, joy, interest, surprise, distress, sadness, disgust, anger, and fear.
- 15 to 24 months: self-conscious emotions, awareness/perceiving one's internal states and perceiving self through the eyes of others, embarrassment, envy, empathy.
- 2 1/2 years to 3 years: self-evaluative emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, depending on awareness and knowledge of social standards.
- Empathy is important for understanding the feelings and problems of others and develops as early as 1 year.
Test your knowledge on the development of infants and babies during the first three years of life. Explore topics such as spoiling infants, the effects of screen time, and the characteristics of infancy and babyhood.
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