INF4032 Networking: Routing Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes eBGP sessions in a network?

eBGP sessions can have non-directly connected neighbors.

eBGP sessions require directly connected peers. (correct)

eBGP sessions are used for routing within a single ISP.

eBGP sessions occur between routers in the same AS.

Which statement accurately describes the role of internal neighbors in iBGP sessions?

Internal neighbors are always directly connected.

Internal neighbors can only be in different ASes.

Internal neighbors belong to the same AS. (correct)

Internal neighbors communicate inherently through eBGP.

What is true about the addresses of the networks shown in the eBGP section?

The addresses are only for internal network configurations.

The addresses represent a single AS for all connected peers.

Each address belongs to separate and distinct ASes. (correct)

They include both public and private address allocations.

Which aspect distinguishes iBGP from eBGP?

iBGP does not require direct physical connection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the subnet representation for Client A as shown in the illustration?

110.1.1.0/24 Signup and view all the answers

What metric does the OSPF protocol use for routing decisions?

Cumulative bandwidth cost Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the EIGRP routing protocol?

Includes bandwidth and delay in its calculations Signup and view all the answers

What is the first action a router takes after starting up correctly?

Applying the stored configuration Signup and view all the answers

How does a router discover remote networks when using a routing protocol?

By exchanging routing updates with other routers Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a router detects a topology change?

The routing protocol announces the change to other routers Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the function of routing messages in dynamic routing protocols?

They allow routers to share and update routing information Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a router in a network?

To route data packets between different networks based on information in the routing table Signup and view all the answers

Which metric is utilized by the RIP routing protocol?

Number of hops Signup and view all the answers

What algorithm does IGRP and EIGRP use for routing?

DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protocols supports classless inter-domain routing (CIDR)?

RIPv2 Signup and view all the answers

How often does RIP broadcast routing updates?

Every 30 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of hops that RIP can support?

15 hops Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is NOT supported by EIGRP?

Link state routing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key feature of EIGRP?

Support for multiple network layer protocols Signup and view all the answers

What does the administrative distance of RIP and RIPv2 equal to?

120 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of triggered updates in EIGRP?

Sends updates only to routers that need them Signup and view all the answers

What type of network does R1 have directly connected?

Ethernet network Signup and view all the answers

When is an LSP sent by a router?

Upon a topology change Signup and view all the answers

What does an LSP contain for routers to determine if they have received it?

Sequence numbers and freshness information Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the link-state routing process?

Building a complete topological map Signup and view all the answers

What algorithm is used by routers to construct the SPF tree?

Dijkstra's algorithm Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the link information in the LSP?

Cost associated with each network Signup and view all the answers

Which router has the highest link cost associated with its connections according to the provided information?

R4 Signup and view all the answers

What role does the link-state database serve in the routing process?

To help calculate the best path to each destination Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of Hello packets in link-state routing?

They are used to establish direct connections with neighboring routers. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a router stops receiving Hello packets from a neighboring router?

The neighboring router is considered unreachable. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about link-state routing protocols?

The process is the same for both OSPF for IPv4 and OSPF for IPv6. Signup and view all the answers

What is included in a link-state packet (LSP)?

The state of each directly connected link. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the link-state routing process?

To maintain a full picture of the network topology. Signup and view all the answers

During the routing process, what is the significance of discovering neighbors?

It ensures that a router can communicate and exchange routing information. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the link-state routing method compared to distance-vector routing?

Each router maintains a complete map of the network topology. Signup and view all the answers

What does the initialization step of Dijkstra’s algorithm do?

Sets distances of adjacent nodes to the cost from the current node Signup and view all the answers

In which step of Dijkstra’s algorithm is a node added to the set N'?

After identifying the node with minimum D value Signup and view all the answers

What condition must be met for D(v) to be updated in step 12?

D(v) is greater than D(w) plus the cost from w to v Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the variable N' in Dijkstra’s algorithm?

It represents the set of all nodes visited so far Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Dijkstra's algorithm, what does the term 'ties can exist' imply?

There are multiple paths with the same cost Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the distances of nodes that are not adjacent to the current node during initialization?

They are set to infinity Signup and view all the answers

What is the final outcome of Dijkstra’s algorithm?

A tree showing the shortest paths from the starting node Signup and view all the answers

Which step is performed after finding the node with the minimum D value in Dijkstra’s algorithm?

Update distances for nodes adjacent to the current node Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

Course title: INF4032 Réseaux Informatiques
Instructor: Bassem Haidar
Course location: esiea (École d'Ingénieurs du Monde Numérique)

Dynamic Routing

Dynamic routing is an automatic process that updates routing tables
Static routes are manually entered
Dynamic routing adapts to changes in network topology
Dynamic routing uses routing protocols
Routing protocols discover networks remotely, update routing information
Routing protocols choose the best path to the destination networks
Routing protocols allow for a new best path if existing paths become unavailable

Static Routing

Static routing is manually configured and not automatically updated
It is a good option for small networks that don't change often
The configuration needs to be updated manually in case of changes
It is less complex so it can be used in simpler networks
Static routes are appropriate for small networks that don't grow
Networks that have a single path or a limited number of options might need static routing
One route per destination is required when using a static route
A default route is needed to forward traffic to networks not listed in the routing table

Stub Networks and Stub Routers

Stub networks access a single route
A stub network has only one neighboring router
It is important to understand how to route statically to and from stub networks

Types of Static Routes

Static routes are used for network connection, summarizing routing table entries
The size of route announcements in the routing table is reduced
Static routes create a backup route if a main route option becomes unavailable

Protocols of Dynamic Routing

Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) are used inside an autonomous system (AS)
Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP) are used between autonomous systems (ASes)
Types of IGP include RIP, IGRP, OSPF, and IS-IS
Types of EGP include BGP

Autonomous System (AS)

An autonomous system (AS) is a group of routers and networks managed by the same organization
The ASes exchange data via the same routing protocol
AS numbers distinguish and identify the different network groupings

Routing Protocols Based on Class

Classless routing protocols include subnet mask information when updating routing information
Classful routing protocols do not contain this information

Routing Protocols Vector Distance

Vector distance routing protocols specify the distance to the destination in a given network
The vector provides information regarding the route to the destination

Routing Protocols Link State

Link state routing protocols have each router maintain a database of other routers' connection statuses and use that information to determine the optimal paths to each network
These protocols don't refresh routing information regularly - only when network changes occur

BGP - Border Gateway Protocol

BGP is an external protocol for routing between Autonomous Systems (ASes)
BGP is not a technical protocol, it is used for strategic routing policy, managing AS groups

Additional Concepts

Network topology changes, configuration, and complexity
Security
Resource usage
Predictability
Routing protocols comparison

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Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of dynamic and static routing in computer networks. It distinguishes between automatically updated dynamic routing and manually configured static routing, discussing their applications and protocols. Test your knowledge on the advantages and limitations of both routing methods.