Inequality and Enlightenment in New Spain

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Questions and Answers

What was a significant influence on the distribution of Enlightenment ideas in New Spain?

French monastic schools

Indigenous education systems

Jesuit schools (correct)

Spanish royal academies

Which concept was emphasized by Enlightenment thinkers in regards to governance?

Monarchical absolutism

Divine right of kings

Popular sovereignty (correct)

Colonial dominance

What event prompted the French invasion of Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The establishment of the Spanish monarchy

Napoleon's blockade of England (correct)

The emergence of Enlightenment in Spain

Which ideology is associated with the principles of equality, legality, and fraternity?

Liberalism Signup and view all the answers

Which figure supported the idea of independence based on Enlightenment principles?

Jose Antonio Alzate Signup and view all the answers

What was the aim of the intellectual criollos influenced by Enlightenment ideas?

To promote independence from Spain Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote 'Ancient History of Mexico'?

Francisco Javier Clavijero Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the goals of Enlightenment thought regarding education?

Combat superstition and idolatry Signup and view all the answers

What event led to the abdication of the Spanish king in favor of his son Ferdinand VII?

A mutiny by the Spanish inhabitants Signup and view all the answers

Who did Napoleon declare as the King of Spain?

Joseph Bonaparte Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary outcome of the gathering at Cadiz in 1812?

Establishment of a constitutional monarchy Signup and view all the answers

Which group felt relegated as second-rate citizens after the Bourbon Reforms?

Criollos Signup and view all the answers

What cultural aspect was heightened by criollismo?

Exaltation of the indigenous past Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason Miguel Hidalgo called for insurrection on September 15th, 1810?

To fight for King Ferdinand VII against the colonial government Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Virgin of Guadalupe play during Hidalgo's campaign?

It was used as a banner by Hidalgo. Signup and view all the answers

Which criollo wrote 'La Biblioteca Mexicana' in 1775?

Juan Jose Eguiara y Eguren Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant social aspect among the criollos related to religion?

Belief in the Virgin of Guadalupe Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Royalists fighting for during the Independence Movement?

The Spanish crown Signup and view all the answers

What ultimately led to the criollos' desire for autonomy?

The complexities of power during the French invasion Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the massacre that took place in Guanajuato?

Withdrawal of criollos from supporting the insurgent movement Signup and view all the answers

Which city did Hidalgo capture before marching to Guanajuato?

San Miguel el Grande Signup and view all the answers

What action did Hidalgo take regarding slavery during his campaigns?

He abolished slavery in Valladolid. Signup and view all the answers

What did Hidalgo do after he failed to take Mexico City?

He retreated to Valladolid. Signup and view all the answers

Who did Hidalgo appoint as the General of the Southern Armies?

Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon Signup and view all the answers

Who became the leader of the independence movement after Miguel Hidalgo's execution?

Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon Signup and view all the answers

What document did Morelos present at the Congress of Chilpancingo?

Feelings of the Nation Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did Hidalgo propose in his revolutionary efforts?

Abolition of slavery Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Morelos's proposals regarding social structure?

To moderate opulence and poverty Signup and view all the answers

What did the Royalist Army do to Morelos after capturing him?

Tried him and sentenced him to death Signup and view all the answers

What was a main reason for the withdrawal of many criollos from the independence movement?

Disagreement with social equality reforms Signup and view all the answers

What was the Constitution of Apatzingan intended to address?

Societal and governmental reforms Signup and view all the answers

Which influence was significant during the independence movement in New Spain?

Spanish liberalism and Enlightenment ideas Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did the Cadiz Constitution of March 1812 propose?

Establishment of a Constitutional Monarchy Signup and view all the answers

Which principle was NOT included in the Cadiz Constitution?

Sovereignty of the Church Signup and view all the answers

What happened when Ferdinand VII returned to Spain in 1814?

He abolished the Cadiz Constitution Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern of the people in New Spain after Napoleon's invasion?

Who they should obey after their king abdicated Signup and view all the answers

Who were the two individuals that attempted to revive the insurgent movement in New Spain in 1817?

Francisco Xavier Mina and Fray Servando Teresa de Mier Signup and view all the answers

What did the City Council of Mexico City propose in response to French control?

To create a provisional government independent of Spain and France Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major outcomes for subjects after the enactment of the Cadiz Constitution?

They became free citizens Signup and view all the answers

Who was one of the key figures in the autonomist movement represented by the City Council?

Francisco Primo de Verdad Signup and view all the answers

What led to the uprising against Ferdinand VII?

The enforcement of absolutist policies again Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the coup staged by the Royal Audience of Mexico in 1808?

The imprisonment of autonomist criollos and Viceroy Iturrigaray Signup and view all the answers

What was the status of territory in New Spain during the insurgent movement?

It was facing food shortages Signup and view all the answers

What symbolic role did the Virgin of Guadalupe play during the criollo movement?

A unifying symbol of national identity for criollos Signup and view all the answers

What group conspired at La Profesa regarding New Spain's future?

New Spain royalists Signup and view all the answers

Which prominent figure was involved in the meetings in Queretaro planning the insurrection?

Doña Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial timeline for the planned uprising that became known during the conspirators' meetings?

December 1810 Signup and view all the answers

What role did the secret meetings, masqueraded as literary gatherings, play in New Spain?

They were used to plan insurrection against foreign rule Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inequality in New Spain

Was there inequality in New Spain society? Yes, there was inequality.
What was the situation of the indigenous population? The text describes the situation of the indigenous population as needing to be improved with a focus on equality.

Enlightenment Ideas in Spanish Possessions

People sought to transform the absolutist regime, spreading ideas of freedom and equality.
Enlightenment thinkers advocated reason, science, and progress.
Ideas were smuggled into New Spain via Jesuit schools.
Enlightenment ideas influenced criollos to seek autonomy or independence.

French Invasion of Spain

Napoleon seized power and proclaimed himself emperor in 1804.
Napoleon's invasion of Spain led to a struggle over who the colonists should obey.
French armies entered Spain to invade Portugal, causing the Spanish royal family to be arrested.
The Spanish people revolted against the French invasion.

Criollismo and the Desire for Autonomy

Criollos, children of Spaniards born in America, developed unique identities and desire for autonomy.
Criollismo reflected indigenous past, Virgin of Guadalupe.
Nationalistic feelings arose during this time.

1810 Conspiracies and Insurrection

Secret meetings and conspiracies were formed to oppose the Spanish rule.
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla led a revolt in 1810, calling for the king.
The revolt led to violence and social unrest.
Hidalgo's group, the Insurgents, faced Royalist forces.

Resistance and Guerrilla Warfare

The insurgent movement was dissolved in 1817.
Food shortages hampered the resistance movements.
Leaders like Guadalupe Victoria and Vicente Guerrero continued guerilla warfare in some areas.

Consummation of Independence

Agustin de Iturbide negotiated with Vicente Guerrero in 1821.
They created the Plan of Iguala.
Mexican independence was declared in 1821.

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Description

Explore the critical themes of inequality in New Spain, focusing on the indigenous population and their need for improved conditions. This quiz also examines the influence of Enlightenment ideas on the desire for autonomy among the criollos and the impact of the French invasion on Spanish governance.