Inequality and Enlightenment in New Spain
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Questions and Answers

What was a significant influence on the distribution of Enlightenment ideas in New Spain?

  • French monastic schools
  • Indigenous education systems
  • Jesuit schools (correct)
  • Spanish royal academies

Which concept was emphasized by Enlightenment thinkers in regards to governance?

  • Monarchical absolutism
  • Divine right of kings
  • Popular sovereignty (correct)
  • Colonial dominance

What event prompted the French invasion of Spain?

  • Spanish Civil War
  • The establishment of the Spanish monarchy
  • Napoleon's blockade of England (correct)
  • The emergence of Enlightenment in Spain

Which ideology is associated with the principles of equality, legality, and fraternity?

<p>Liberalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which figure supported the idea of independence based on Enlightenment principles?

<p>Jose Antonio Alzate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the aim of the intellectual criollos influenced by Enlightenment ideas?

<p>To promote independence from Spain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote 'Ancient History of Mexico'?

<p>Francisco Javier Clavijero (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the goals of Enlightenment thought regarding education?

<p>Combat superstition and idolatry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event led to the abdication of the Spanish king in favor of his son Ferdinand VII?

<p>A mutiny by the Spanish inhabitants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who did Napoleon declare as the King of Spain?

<p>Joseph Bonaparte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary outcome of the gathering at Cadiz in 1812?

<p>Establishment of a constitutional monarchy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group felt relegated as second-rate citizens after the Bourbon Reforms?

<p>Criollos (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cultural aspect was heightened by criollismo?

<p>Exaltation of the indigenous past (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason Miguel Hidalgo called for insurrection on September 15th, 1810?

<p>To fight for King Ferdinand VII against the colonial government (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Virgin of Guadalupe play during Hidalgo's campaign?

<p>It was used as a banner by Hidalgo. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criollo wrote 'La Biblioteca Mexicana' in 1775?

<p>Juan Jose Eguiara y Eguren (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant social aspect among the criollos related to religion?

<p>Belief in the Virgin of Guadalupe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Royalists fighting for during the Independence Movement?

<p>The Spanish crown (A), The colonial government (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ultimately led to the criollos' desire for autonomy?

<p>The complexities of power during the French invasion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the massacre that took place in Guanajuato?

<p>Withdrawal of criollos from supporting the insurgent movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which city did Hidalgo capture before marching to Guanajuato?

<p>San Miguel el Grande (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Hidalgo take regarding slavery during his campaigns?

<p>He abolished slavery in Valladolid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Hidalgo do after he failed to take Mexico City?

<p>He retreated to Valladolid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who did Hidalgo appoint as the General of the Southern Armies?

<p>Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who became the leader of the independence movement after Miguel Hidalgo's execution?

<p>Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What document did Morelos present at the Congress of Chilpancingo?

<p>Feelings of the Nation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did Hidalgo propose in his revolutionary efforts?

<p>Abolition of slavery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Morelos's proposals regarding social structure?

<p>To moderate opulence and poverty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Royalist Army do to Morelos after capturing him?

<p>Tried him and sentenced him to death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a main reason for the withdrawal of many criollos from the independence movement?

<p>Disagreement with social equality reforms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Constitution of Apatzingan intended to address?

<p>Societal and governmental reforms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which influence was significant during the independence movement in New Spain?

<p>Spanish liberalism and Enlightenment ideas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did the Cadiz Constitution of March 1812 propose?

<p>Establishment of a Constitutional Monarchy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle was NOT included in the Cadiz Constitution?

<p>Sovereignty of the Church (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened when Ferdinand VII returned to Spain in 1814?

<p>He abolished the Cadiz Constitution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern of the people in New Spain after Napoleon's invasion?

<p>Who they should obey after their king abdicated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the two individuals that attempted to revive the insurgent movement in New Spain in 1817?

<p>Francisco Xavier Mina and Fray Servando Teresa de Mier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the City Council of Mexico City propose in response to French control?

<p>To create a provisional government independent of Spain and France (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major outcomes for subjects after the enactment of the Cadiz Constitution?

<p>They became free citizens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was one of the key figures in the autonomist movement represented by the City Council?

<p>Francisco Primo de Verdad (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the uprising against Ferdinand VII?

<p>The enforcement of absolutist policies again (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the coup staged by the Royal Audience of Mexico in 1808?

<p>The imprisonment of autonomist criollos and Viceroy Iturrigaray (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the status of territory in New Spain during the insurgent movement?

<p>It was facing food shortages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symbolic role did the Virgin of Guadalupe play during the criollo movement?

<p>A unifying symbol of national identity for criollos (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What group conspired at La Profesa regarding New Spain's future?

<p>New Spain royalists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prominent figure was involved in the meetings in Queretaro planning the insurrection?

<p>Doña Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial timeline for the planned uprising that became known during the conspirators' meetings?

<p>December 1810 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the secret meetings, masqueraded as literary gatherings, play in New Spain?

<p>They were used to plan insurrection against foreign rule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Inequality in New Spain

Different social groups in New Spain had unequal privileges and opportunities, not everyone enjoyed the same rights and status

Indigenous population's situation

Indigenous people in New Spain faced significant disadvantages due to colonialism and discrimination. They often faced exploitation and inequality under Spanish rule

Causes of Spanish American Independence

The sudden wave of independence in Spanish America was linked to diverse factors, most notably the impact of Enlightenment ideals, the French invasion of Spain, and the development of a sense of national identity amongst the Creoles, inspiring them to seek independence.

Enlightenment Ideas in the Colonies

Enlightenment thinkers' ideas concerning freedom, equality, and rational thought spread to the New Spain colonies, altering the way colonists thought about government and individual rights.

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Role of Jesuit schools

Jesuit schools played a vital role in spreading the ideas of the Enlightenment and educating the Creole elite in the New Spanish colonies, exposing them and influencing the way they thought

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Impact of the American Revolution

The American Revolution provided evidence that successfully challenging colonial rule and establishing a republican government was possible, encouraging revolution in other colonies.

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French Revolution's Influence

The ideals of the French Revolution – liberty, equality, and fraternity – influenced Creole intellectuals and spurred calls for self-governance in Spanish America.

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Napoleon's Invasion of Spain

Napoleon's invasion of Spain caused a crisis of legitimacy for the Spanish monarchy in the colonies, creating opportunities for the Creoles to pursue independence.

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Spanish Constitution of 1812

A document created in Cadiz, establishing a constitutional monarchy in Spain.

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Criollos

Children of Spaniards born in the Americas, who felt a sense of belonging to the new world.

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Criollismo

A cultural and political movement that emphasized the unique identity of the Americas.

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Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars in Europe led by Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Bourbon Reforms

Changes in Spain's colonial policies aimed at increasing control over the Americas and improving efficiency.

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Joseph Bonaparte

Napoleon's brother, made king of Spain after the removal of the Spanish monarch.

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Ferdinand VII

The Spanish monarch restored to power after Napoleon's defeat.

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Seizure of Power in New Spain

The conflict in New Spain (Mexico) over who should rule after the Spanish King's abdication to Napoleon.

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Autonomous Government Proposal

The City Council of Mexico City proposed a provisional government independent of Spain and France.

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Royal Audience Coup

Peninsular Spaniards (Royal Audience) overthrew the autonomist criollos with support from traders in 1808.

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1810 Conspiracy/Insurrection

Secret meetings planned an insurrection in New Spain against Spanish rule, starting in December 1810.

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Querétaro Conspiracy

A major conspiracy group in Querétaro planned the 1810 uprising, including key figures like Miguel Hidalgo.

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Miguel Hidalgo

Key priest who led the initial insurrection in 1810, inspired by Enlightenment ideas.

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Viceroy Iturrigaray

Viceroy of New Spain who was imprisoned due to his proposed governmental policies.

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Who was Miguel Hidalgo?

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was a parish priest who ignited the Mexican War of Independence in 1810, urging people to fight against the colonial government for King Ferdinand VII.

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Hidalgo's Rebellion

Miguel Hidalgo, along with other leaders, led a revolt against Spanish rule in 1810. They fought for social justice and an end to colonial oppression.

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What was the 'Cry of Dolores'?

The 'Cry of Dolores' was Hidalgo's call to revolution in the town of Dolores, Guanajuato on September 15th, 1810, where he urged people to rise against the Spanish colonial rule.

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Morelos's Leadership

After Hidalgo's execution, Jose Maria Morelos took charge of the rebellion. He aimed for complete independence from Spain and fought for social and economic equality.

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Feelings of the Nation

A document written by Morelos outlining his vision for a new Mexico. It called for social justice, independence, and a more equitable society.

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Who were the Insurgents?

The Insurgents were the rebels who fought against the Spanish colonial government for Mexican independence. They were led by Miguel Hidalgo and included a diverse group of people.

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Who were the Royalists?

The Royalists were the loyalists who supported the Spanish Crown and fought against the Mexican independence movement. They were the defenders of the colonial government.

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Constitution of Apatzingan

A constitution drafted by Morelos in 1814, which sought to establish a new political and social order for Mexico. It included progressive ideas like abolishing slavery and castes.

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Social Impact of the Revolt

The rebellion went beyond political change and challenged social inequalities. It gave a voice to indigenous people, blacks, and lower classes, who desired a fairer society.

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What was the Alhondiga de Granaditas?

The Alhondiga de Granaditas was a large granary in Guanajuato, Mexico, where a bloody massacre occurred during the Independence War. Hidalgo's troops stormed it, resulting in the deaths of many Spaniards and Royalists.

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What happened at the Alhondiga de Granaditas?

Hidalgo's troops attacked the Alhondiga de Granaditas and massacred many Spaniards and Royalists who sought refuge there, prompting some Creole supporters to withdraw from the movement.

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Criollo Participation

While the rebellion initially involved Creole elites, many withdrew as the movement became more radical, seeking social justice for marginalized groups.

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Enlightenment's Influence

Ideas from the Enlightenment movement in Europe, promoting individual rights and self-governance, influenced both the Spanish liberalisim and the independence movement in Mexico.

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How did Hidalgo's movement grow?

Hidalgo's movement attracted many people to the Insurgent cause, particularly peasants and laborers who suffered economic hardships and resented the upper classes.

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What happened after the Alhondiga de Granaditas?

After taking Guanajuato, Hidalgo marched towards Mexico City, but he was defeated and forced to retreat. He abolished slavery while in Valladolid and later fled to Guadalajara.

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Spanish Liberalism

A political movement in Spain that promoted constitutional monarchy and limited power of the Crown, influenced by Enlightenment ideas.

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Cadiz Constitution

A liberal constitution enacted in Spain in 1812 that limited the king's power, established a representative government with separation of powers, and granted individual rights.

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Ferdinand VII's Return

Ferdinand VII, the Spanish monarch, returned to power in 1814 and abolished the Cadiz Constitution, attempting to restore absolute monarchy.

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Guerrilla Warfare in New Spain

After the initial rebellion was suppressed, insurgent leaders like Guadalupe Victoria and Vicente Guerrero continued fighting against Spanish rule through guerrilla warfare.

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La Profesa Conspiracy

In 1820, a group of New Spain royalists met at La Profesa to discuss independence and a monarchy under Agustin de Iturbide, highlighting a shift in desires towards self-governance.

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Limited King's Power

The Cadiz Constitution established a principle where the king's power was limited to the executive branch, a significant step towards a constitutional monarchy.

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Freedom of the Press

The Cadiz Constitution included a guarantee of freedom of the press, marking a crucial shift towards individual liberties and free expression.

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Sovereignty of the Nation

According to the Cadiz Constitution, sovereignty resided in the nation, not with the monarch, signifying a move towards popular rule.

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Constitutional Monarchy

The Cadiz Constitution established a constitutional monarchy, a type of government where a king or queen acts as head of state but their power is limited by a constitution.

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Study Notes

Inequality in New Spain

  • Was there inequality in New Spain society? Yes, there was inequality.
  • What was the situation of the indigenous population? The text describes the situation of the indigenous population as needing to be improved with a focus on equality.

Enlightenment Ideas in Spanish Possessions

  • People sought to transform the absolutist regime, spreading ideas of freedom and equality.
  • Enlightenment thinkers advocated reason, science, and progress.
  • Ideas were smuggled into New Spain via Jesuit schools.
  • Enlightenment ideas influenced criollos to seek autonomy or independence.

French Invasion of Spain

  • Napoleon seized power and proclaimed himself emperor in 1804.
  • Napoleon's invasion of Spain led to a struggle over who the colonists should obey.
  • French armies entered Spain to invade Portugal, causing the Spanish royal family to be arrested.
  • The Spanish people revolted against the French invasion.

Criollismo and the Desire for Autonomy

  • Criollos, children of Spaniards born in America, developed unique identities and desire for autonomy.
  • Criollismo reflected indigenous past, Virgin of Guadalupe.
  • Nationalistic feelings arose during this time.

1810 Conspiracies and Insurrection

  • Secret meetings and conspiracies were formed to oppose the Spanish rule.
  • Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla led a revolt in 1810, calling for the king.
  • The revolt led to violence and social unrest.
  • Hidalgo's group, the Insurgents, faced Royalist forces.

Resistance and Guerrilla Warfare

  • The insurgent movement was dissolved in 1817.
  • Food shortages hampered the resistance movements.
  • Leaders like Guadalupe Victoria and Vicente Guerrero continued guerilla warfare in some areas.

Consummation of Independence

  • Agustin de Iturbide negotiated with Vicente Guerrero in 1821.
  • They created the Plan of Iguala.
  • Mexican independence was declared in 1821.

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Week 13-15 9th Information: Enlightenment and Independence PDF

Description

Explore the critical themes of inequality in New Spain, focusing on the indigenous population and their need for improved conditions. This quiz also examines the influence of Enlightenment ideas on the desire for autonomy among the criollos and the impact of the French invasion on Spanish governance.

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