Industrialization and Railroads in the US
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Questions and Answers

What geographical feature was crucial for industrialization in both Great Britain and the United States?

  • Mountain ranges for timber.
  • Fast-flowing rivers for transportation. (correct)
  • Coastlines for fishing.
  • Deserts for mining.

What major event prompted the United States to develop independent industries during the early 19th century?

  • The Louisiana Purchase.
  • The War of 1812. (correct)
  • The signing of the Constitution.
  • The California Gold Rush.

Which resource was essential for the mechanization of industries in the United States?

  • Coal. (correct)
  • Gold.
  • Copper.
  • Silk.

Which factor did NOT significantly contribute to the spread of industrialization from Great Britain?

<p>High literacy rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first industry to industrialize in the United States?

<p>Textile industry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main reasons young single women left their rural homes to work in factories?

<p>To seek higher wages and independence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the working conditions of mill girls?

<p>They toiled more than 12 hours a day, 6 days a week. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sentiment did the mill girls express regarding their newfound independence?

<p>They experienced it as a form of personal satisfaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following industries was NOT mentioned as undergoing mechanization during this period?

<p>Shipbuilding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common alternative job for young women before they worked in mills?

<p>Domestic service as servants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in the Northeast during the early 1800s?

<p>An increase in industrial growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the Civil War end, marking a significant turning point for U.S. industry?

<p>1865 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term laissez-faire translate to in English?

<p>Let do (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is primarily associated with defending the concept of laissez-faire economics?

<p>Adam Smith (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to laissez-faire economics, what role should the government play in trade?

<p>Refrain from interfering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Adam Smith's three natural laws of economics?

<p>Law of economic regulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic system allows for the private ownership of production factors?

<p>Capitalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who criticized heavy tariffs on foreign goods and argued that it interfered with wealth production?

<p>Adam Smith (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of competition suggest?

<p>It forces better quality products. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which economist's ideas contributed to the foundational principles of laissez-faire capitalism alongside Adam Smith?

<p>David Ricardo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome of an unregulated market according to laissez-faire economics?

<p>Overall economic prosperity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Malthus and Ricardo believe regarding minimum wage laws?

<p>They would upset the free market system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary belief of theorists who argue for government intervention in the economy?

<p>Wealthy people or the government should take action to improve lives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is associated with the concept of the 'invisible hand'?

<p>Adam Smith (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Alexis de Tocqueville warning about in his observations?

<p>Growing unrest among the working classes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does laissez-faire philosophy advocate?

<p>Minimal government interference in business. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome did Malthus and Ricardo associate with population growth?

<p>Diminished production of wealth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Adam Smith take after his death that contrasted with his economic philosophy?

<p>He secretly donated large sums to charities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which idea is NOT aligned with the beliefs of those arguing against laissez-faire policies?

<p>Markets should self-regulate without interference. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did sociopolitical theorists argue regarding the wealthy's responsibility?

<p>They must leverage their wealth to help others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Industrialization

The process of using machines and factories to produce goods, which started in Great Britain and spread to other countries like the United States.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid technological advancements in the 18th and 19th centuries, characterized by the shift from hand production to machine production.

Stock Corporation

A company that sells stock shares to raise money and spread risk among many owners.

Blockade

The process of blocking a country's ports to prevent trade, which led to the development of industries in the US during the War of 1812.

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Industrialization in the United States

The process of making goods using machines and factories in the United States, which began in the textile industry.

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Malthus and Ricardo's view on population growth

Malthus and Ricardo believed that population growth was unsustainable and could lead to poverty and misery. They argued that resources are finite and cannot keep up with population growth, leading to competition for food, land, and other necessities.

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Adam Smith's 'invisible hand' theory

Adam Smith believed that a free market system, without government interference, would naturally lead to economic prosperity and social harmony. He believed that individuals pursuing their own self-interest would ultimately benefit society as a whole.

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Laissez-faire philosophy

Laissez-faire philosophy advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy, allowing businesses to operate freely with minimal regulations.

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Mill Girls

Young women who left their rural homes to work in textile factories.

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Technological Boom

The period of rapid industrial growth in the United States, starting in the late 1800s and marked by advancements in technology and manufacturing.

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Mechanization

The process of using machines to produce goods, replacing manual labor.

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Putting out system

A system where workers produce goods at home, often using their own tools and equipment.

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Urbanization

The process of moving from rural areas to urban areas, often driven by economic opportunities.

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Northeast (United States)

A region in the northeastern United States that experienced significant industrial growth in the early 1800s.

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Laissez-faire

An economic policy where businesses operate without government interference.

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Laissez-faire

French for "let do," promoting minimal government intervention in the economy.

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Laissez-faire Economics

The belief that government regulations hinder economic growth and prosperity.

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Law of Competition

The natural tendency of businesses to improve products due to competition.

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Law of Supply and Demand

The principle that the amount of goods produced reflects the demand in a market.

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Law of Self-Interest

The theory that people act in their own self-interest to maximize their well-being.

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Capitalism

An economic system where individuals own resources and invest for profit.

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Adam Smith

British economist who argued for a free economy, believing in natural laws of economics.

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Classical Economics

A collection of ideas about how economies operate, emphasizing free markets and minimal government intervention.

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Study Notes

Industrialization Spreads

  • Great Britain's geography, finance, political stability, and natural resources fueled industrialization
  • British merchants built early factories
  • Labor-saving machines and factories proliferated
  • The Industrial Revolution spread to the United States and continental Europe
  • The United States possessed resources similar to Britain
  • America's blockade during the War of 1812 spurred domestic industrial development
  • Industrialization in the United States began in textiles
  • Samuel Slater, a British mill worker, emigrated to the U.S. and built a spinning machine from memory
  • Moses Brown opened the first U.S. factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island (1790)
  • Francis Lowell and others mechanized every textile production stage (1813)
  • Railroad systems fueled westward expansion

Growth of Railroads in the United States

  • Railroads grew rapidly in the US
  • Most early railroads were in the Northeast
  • Trackage increased between 1840 and 1890

The Rise of Corporations

  • Large businesses needed significant funding
  • Entrepreneurs sold stock to raise funds
  • Corporations, owned by stockholders, became dominant
  • Corporations could raise capital for industrial equipment
  • Large corporations like Standard Oil and Carnegie Steel rose

Global Impact

  • Belgium adopted British technology quickly
  • Belgium had abundant resources and waterways
  • William Cockerill smuggled British machinery designs to Belgium
  • Germany industrialized by replicating British models
  • Germany's dispersed resources and political divisions initially hampered industrialization
  • The German industrial growth was spurred by rail road building linking resources and cities
  • Japan industrialized to become an industrial state (1868)

The Impact of Industrialization

  • Industrialization increased global competition and global inequality
  • Industrialized nations required raw materials from developing nations
  • Industrialization led to imperialism (policy of extending one country's rule over other lands)

Reforming the Industrial World

  • Industrialization created a large gap between the rich and poor
  • Laissez-faire economics advocated minimal government interference in business
  • Laissez-faire philosophy stemmed from Enlightenment thinkers' criticisms of high tariffs
  • Adam Smith argued that economic liberty was essential for progress
  • Smith believed that three natural laws - self interest, competition, and supply and demand - governed the economy
  • Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo supported Smith's laissez faire ideals

The Rise of Socialism

  • Reformers challenged the laissez-faire approach
  • Socialists believed that government intervention was crucial for improving worker's lives
  • Socialists argued that public ownership of industries would improve worker's lives
  • Socialists like Louis Blanc advocated for expanding voting rights
  • Karl Marx introduced Marxism as a radical form of socialism.
  • Marx and Engels outlined their ideas in the Communist Manifesto (1848)
  • Marx argued that history was based on class struggle between the bourgeoisie(owners) and the proletariat (workers and laborers)
  • Marx predicted that the proletariat would overthrow the owners

Reform Laws

  • Labor unions emerged demanding better conditions and wages
  • Unionization involved collective bargaining
  • Strikes were common tactics
  • British and American governments enacted reforms to address child labor, working conditions, and women's rights
  • Women and Children's working hours and working conditions were improved
  • The abolishment of slavery in the British Empire (1833)
  • Slavery in the US ended with the Civil War (1865)

The Reform Movement Spreads

  • Reforms began in response to industrialization's negative effects

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Industrialization Spreads PDF

Description

This quiz examines the factors that fueled industrialization in Great Britain, the spread of industrial practices to the United States, and the rapid growth of railroads in the 19th century. It highlights key figures and milestones, including the establishment of early factories and the expansion of transportation systems that contributed to westward expansion.

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