Industrialisation Overview Quiz

Proto-industrialization refers to an era of large-scale industrial production that predated the rise of factories. It was driven by merchants supplying money to peasants and artisans in the countryside to produce goods for international markets, hence not based on factories.

glorification

True

<p>cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Efficacy, in this context, refers to the effectiveness of each step in the production process, including carding, twisting and spinning. These improvements enhanced the output per worker, enabling increased production of stronger threads and yarn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This statement implies that the cotton industry was a prominent driving force in the Industrial Revolution. Its growth and development represented a shift towards mechanized production and marked a new era of industrial expansion and technological advancements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proto-industrialization refers to a period of industrial production that predated the rise of factories. It was characterized by merchants supplying money to peasants and artisans in the countryside to produce goods for international markets. This system was widespread in Europe, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries. It involved extensive production of goods like textiles outside of centralized factories, primarily done in households or workshops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two problems with this idea include the fact that even before factories arose, large-scale industrial production existed for international markets. Also, the history of industrialization should encompass the transition from proto-industrialization, highlighting the shift from decentralized cottage industries to more centralized factory production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two examples of technological advancements that made industrial production more efficient in the 18th century include the Spinning Jenny and the steam engine. The Spinning Jenny, invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, allowed workers to spin multiple threads simultaneously, boosting the production of yarn. The steam engine, developed by James Watt in 1781, provided a powerful source of energy replacing human power and revolutionized the power system, impacting various industries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proto-industrial system was a network of commercial exchanges, driven by merchants and controlled by them. It involved outsourcing production to peasants and artisans in the countryside, who produced goods for an international market. Merchants provided financial support and raw materials, and collected the finished products for sale. The expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies by European powers created a growing demand for goods, which the proto-industrial system helped to meet by mobilizing resources and production outside of traditional urban centers. This system was crucial in the development of production for international markets before the rise of factories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the 18th century, new merchants trying to set up businesses faced a significant hurdle due to the monopoly power of the guilds. These guilds were associations of producers who held control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new players into the trade. Merchants relied on a network of peasants and artisans to produce and sell goods for a global market and had to navigate the complex rules and restrictions of the guilds. This made it difficult for new merchants to establish businesses within the existing system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The enclosure movement in 18th-century England was a process of transforming open fields (commons) into private lands. This led to villagers, particularly poorer peasants and cottagers, losing access to essential resources like firewood, berries, and vegetables. The loss of these resources pushed them towards seeking alternative sources of income, which often led to them entering the proto-industrial system and working for merchants. They produced goods for the merchants, using their labor and skills to supplement their income, thus contributing to the growth of proto-industries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rise of factories brought workers together in a centralized setting, under one roof and management. This concentration of workers spurred the need for more careful supervision and regulation of labor than was previously necessary in the countryside. It became essential to ensure high-quality production, maintain fairness in the workplace, and prevent any potential conflicts among workers in a more concentrated setting. These factors required a more stringent approach to regulating work practices and ensuring smooth functioning within the factory setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Historians tend to focus more on industrialization, especially in the context of the Industrial Revolution, due to its dramatic impact on economic and social structures. Industrialization marked a shift towards large-scale production, mechanization, and the rise of factories, transforming the lives of millions. Small workshops, though also significant, were often seen as a less dramatic and widespread phenomenon compared to the impact of large industries. However, understanding the dynamics of small workshops and cottage industries is essential in providing a complete picture of industrialization, because their development and contributions were significant in the evolution of the production system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In 19th century Britain, the 'traditional' industries were not set entirely by steam-powered cotton or metal industries, but they did not remain completely stagnant either. These industries involved a range of smaller-scale activities, often less technologically advanced, such as food processing, building, pottery, and glass work. These industries expanded in their own ways, relying on smaller innovations. On the other hand, the &quot;new&quot; industries, like cotton and metal industries, were characterized by technological advancements, large-scale production, and rapid innovation. These industries relied heavily on mechanization and steam power, leading to greater efficiency and output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two major factors contributed to the significant increase in industrial production in Britain during the 1840s: the expansion of railways and the increasing demand for iron and steel. The expansion of the railway system across Britain led to a surge in demand for iron and steel, which were crucial for building the infrastructure of the railway network. Secondly, the increasing production of iron and steel led to further growth across other industries that relied on these materials for production. This created a positive feedback loop, further fueling the demand for iron and steel, leading to a significant boom in the industrial sector during this era.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Although the steam engine was invented by James Watt in 1781, it didn't find widespread acceptance in the early 19th century. This was due to its high initial cost, and the perceived difficulty of maintenance. Additionally, the steam engine wasn't initially as efficient as promised, leading to hesitation about its use. It took several decades for the steam engine to become widely accepted and utilized across industries in Britain. The steam engine's slow adoption had a significant impact on the pace of technological advancement in 19th-century Britain, as it slowed down the adoption of new technologies and their widespread implementation in various industries. It highlighted the complex interplay between innovation, cost, and the perception of efficiency in shaping the adoption of new technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The British government imposed import duties on cotton textiles from other countries to protect their domestic textile industry, particularly the booming cotton industry in Manchester, England. The goal was to reduce competition from foreign manufacturers and create a more favorable market for British cotton goods. This measure was intended to safeguard the profits and interests of the British manufacturers and ensure that they remained dominant in the market, promoting their overall economic growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indian weavers in the 19th century faced two significant problems. First, their export market collapsed as British factories began producing cotton goods at lower costs, flooding the Indian market with cheaper Manchester imports. Second, the availability of good-quality raw cotton was disrupted, leading to high prices and making it difficult for weavers to secure raw materials. These problems combined to create a dire situation for the Indian textile industry, leading to a decline in production, unemployment, and economic hardship for weavers. The once thriving industry faced intense competition from British manufacturers and lost its ability to sustain itself against the influx of cheaper and readily available goods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main objective of the East India Company in the 18th century was to establish a monopoly over the Indian textile trade. This involved eliminating competition from local merchants and securing a regular supply of cotton and silk goods for export. The Company sought to control the entire textile market, securing their control over resources, production, and distribution of goods destined for both the British and international markets, creating a dominant position for themselves in the global trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The East India Company adopted two key strategies to gain control over the trade and production of cotton textiles in India. Firstly, they introduced the 'gomastha' system, where each weaver was assigned a paid servant or overseer, who acted as the intermediary between the Company and the weavers. This move aimed to eliminate existing traders and brokers and establish more direct control over the production process. Secondly, the Company implemented a system of advances, where they provided loans directly to the weavers, requiring them to deliver their finished products only to the Company's designated agents. This system effectively prevented weavers from dealing with other buyers and secured an exclusive market for the Company. These two strategies allowed the Company to establish a monopoly, control prices, and maintain a steady supply of high-quality textiles for the international market.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The European Company's grip on the Indian textile trade during the 18th century had devastating consequences for the local markets and the livelihoods of Indian merchants and weavers. This dominance led to a decline in the old traditional trade routes, as the flow of goods through ports like Surat and Hoogly decreased significantly. The credit system that supported local merchants fell apart, leading to bankruptcies. As European companies established monopolies, the local Indian traders lost their autonomy and struggled to compete in the market. The control over prices and production shifted to the European companies, weakening the bargaining power of Indian merchants and weavers while causing significant economic hardship for them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased demand for European cotton goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The East India Company's monopoly over the Indian textile trade allowed them to control the prices of textiles and ensure regular supplies for export to the British market. They were in a strong position to dictate the prices at which they would purchase textiles and, thus, control profits. The company's control over the supply chain allowed it to monopolize the textile market, securing advantages in the global trade and maximizing its profits. The Company's dominance over the market also gave them a significant advantage in expanding their political influence and consolidating their control over the region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The American Civil War had a significant impact on the Indian cotton textile industry. During the war, the supply of raw cotton from the US, a primary source for the British textile industry, was interrupted. As a consequence, the British turned to India as an alternative source for raw cotton. This led to a surge in demand for Indian cotton, resulting in higher prices and a greater reliance on Indian cotton for British textile mills. However, as the American Civil War ended, the dependence on Indian cotton declined, and the textile industry in India faced a new challenge as British mills resumed production. This fluctuation in demand and the subsequent decline in demand for Indian cotton created instability for the Indian textile industry, further impacting the livelihoods of weavers and merchants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'swadeshi movement', a nationalist movement advocating for the use of Indian-made goods and boycotting foreign products, had a significant impact on the growth of industrialization in India in the early 20th century. The movement encouraged Indians to use Indian-made products and discouraged the purchase of British manufactured goods, particularly textiles. This led to a surge in demand for Indian-made products, which spurred the growth of industrialization in India. It encouraged Indian industrialists to expand their textile production to fill the gap created by the boycott of foreign goods. This led to the development of new factories, mills, and industrial infrastructure in India, promoting the growth of the textile sector and overall industrialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The First World War had a significant impact on industrial production in India. The war led to a decline in the imports of manufactured goods from Britain, as British factories were diverted towards war production. This created a surge in demand for Indian-made goods within the Indian market, especially for textiles, jute bags, and other war supplies. The increased demand spurred the growth of industrial production in India, with new factories being set up and old ones expanding their operations. The war years saw a remarkable boom in Indian industrial production, as the country filled the void created by the decline in British imports.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small-scale industries and handicrafts continued to play a significant role in the Indian economy in the 20th century despite the rise of large-scale factories due to a combination of factors. Firstly, the adoption of new technologies, such as the fly shuttle, made them more efficient and competitive. Secondly, the demand for specific and intricately designed products, which could not be easily replicated by machines, ensured a steady market for handloom weavers. Thirdly, the social and economic context also played a role. In some regions, where access to raw materials and capital was limited, handloom weaving remained a viable option for many people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'swadeshi movement', promoting the use of Indian-made products and boycotting foreign goods, played a significant role in the expansion of the handloom industry in the early 20th century. The boycott of foreign cloth, which was an integral part of the movement, led to a surge in demand for handloom products, particularly in regions where weavers embraced the nationalist sentiment. This increased demand encouraged the use of new technologies like the fly shuttle, improving efficiency and productivity. It also led to an expansion of the handloom sector, and a greater emphasis on production and weaving skills. The 'swadeshi movement' became a driving force in the revival and growth of the handloom industry, highlighting its impact on the Indian economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers