Industrial Revolution Overview

A system where unfinished textiles were distributed to homes, where people could work on them in their spare time, boosting fabric production.

The period starting around the 1800s when machines began replacing human labor, leading to increased production and consumption.

The main power source during the early Industrial Revolution, often found near rivers.

A key material used in textile production during the Industrial Revolution, often sourced from sheep.

The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas, often driven by factory work during the Industrial Revolution.

An innovation that replaced canals as a faster, cheaper, and more efficient mode of transportation during the Industrial Revolution.

A type of engine powered by steam, which revolutionized transportation and industry in the 1820s.

Early factories lacked safety regulations, leading to long workdays and hazardous conditions for workers.

A situation where there are more people seeking jobs than available positions.

An infectious disease spread through contaminated water, often leading to severe diarrhea and death.

An infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs, spreading through air.

A social class that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, comprised of factory workers and domestic servants.

A new social class that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, owning the means of production like factories, banks, and railroads.

A rise in population due to factors like improved agricultural practices and reduced plague outbreaks.

Thomas Malthus' theory that population growth outpaces food production, leading to potential famine and societal collapse.

David Ricardo's theory that wages should be kept at the lowest possible level to discourage working-class families from having more children.

A movement that emphasizes the importance of traditional values, institutions, and social order.

A movement that advocates for individual freedom, progress, and social reform.

A strong feeling of pride and loyalty towards one's country and people, often advocating for unification and land.

A literary and artistic movement that emphasized emotion, imagination, and the beauty of nature, often used to romanticize pre-industrial life.

An artistic style that draws inspiration from medieval architecture and Gothic elements, often used to evoke a sense of mystery and grandeur.

The forceful promotion of one nation's power and influence over others through colonization, trade, and military force.

A political ideology that emphasizes tradition, established institutions, and social hierarchy. Conservatives typically favor a monarchy, oppose radical change, and seek to maintain the status quo.

A political ideology that advocates for individual liberty, limited government, and constitutional rights. Liberals typically support the ideas of the Enlightenment and favor a representative government.

A political ideology that emerged in the 19th century, advocating for social and economic equality. Socialists criticize capitalism and believe in collective ownership of production and distribution.

A radical political ideology that seeks a complete transformation of society. Communists believe in a classless society where all property is shared, and the state withers away.

A political movement in Britain during the 1830s and 1840s that demanded greater political rights for the working class. They advocated for universal male suffrage, secret ballot, and other reforms.

A period of widespread revolutions across Europe in 1848, driven by a combination of ideological conflict, social unrest, and economic hardship.

A group of European powers that sought to maintain stability and prevent revolution after the Napoleonic Wars.

The period following the French Revolution when fear of radicalism and excessive change led to a conservative backlash.

The rise in food prices and subsequent famine in Europe during the mid-19th century, contributing to social unrest and revolutions.

The construction of barricades in Paris during the 1848 revolution, symbolizing resistance and rebellion.

A provisional government established in France following the abdication of Louis-Philippe, aimed at restoring order and creating a new constitution.

The second republic established in France following the 1848 revolution, characterized by a period of liberal reforms followed by a conservative backlash.

Clashes between workers and the National Guard in Paris during the 1848 revolution, as workers resisted the suppression of their demands for social reform.

The nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, elected president of France in 1848. He later declared himself Emperor, establishing the Second French Empire.

The nationalist movements in Italy during the 1840s, aiming for unification of the fragmented Italian states.

A republic established in Rome in 1849 by Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, aiming for unification and liberal reforms. It was eventually crushed by Austria and France.

The effort to unify the German states into a single nation during the 1840s, leading to the Frankfurt Parliament and an eventual failed revolution.

The assembly convened in Frankfurt in 1848 to draft a constitution for a unified Germany but failed due to internal divisions and opposition from Prussia.