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Questions and Answers
What was one significant effect of the industrial era beginning in the 1800s?
What was one significant effect of the industrial era beginning in the 1800s?
Which system was established to address the high demand for textiles during the Industrial Revolution?
Which system was established to address the high demand for textiles during the Industrial Revolution?
What was the primary source of power for early factories in the Industrial Revolution?
What was the primary source of power for early factories in the Industrial Revolution?
What were the working conditions like for workers in early factories?
What were the working conditions like for workers in early factories?
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Why did Britain maintain an advantage during the Industrial Revolution until the 1870s?
Why did Britain maintain an advantage during the Industrial Revolution until the 1870s?
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Which acts were early responses to improve working conditions for factory workers?
Which acts were early responses to improve working conditions for factory workers?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding other countries' industrialization in relation to Britain?
Which of the following statements is true regarding other countries' industrialization in relation to Britain?
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What technological advancement significantly impacted the speed and cost of transportation in the 1820s?
What technological advancement significantly impacted the speed and cost of transportation in the 1820s?
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What was a primary factor contributing to the overcrowding in cities during the 1800s?
What was a primary factor contributing to the overcrowding in cities during the 1800s?
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Which invention is attributed to Richard Arkwright?
Which invention is attributed to Richard Arkwright?
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Which social class became known as the Proletariat due to the Industrial Revolution?
Which social class became known as the Proletariat due to the Industrial Revolution?
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What was a consequence of the lack of jobs in cities during the rapid urbanization?
What was a consequence of the lack of jobs in cities during the rapid urbanization?
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What does Thomas Malthus argue about population growth in relation to food supply?
What does Thomas Malthus argue about population growth in relation to food supply?
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Which ideology emphasizes loyalty to one’s country and includes desires for land and unification?
Which ideology emphasizes loyalty to one’s country and includes desires for land and unification?
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Which movement attempted to reform the social order by focusing on issues like child labor and industrialization?
Which movement attempted to reform the social order by focusing on issues like child labor and industrialization?
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How did the Industrial Middle Class view the working class?
How did the Industrial Middle Class view the working class?
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What societal issue was aggravated by unsanitary living conditions in urban areas during the 1800s?
What societal issue was aggravated by unsanitary living conditions in urban areas during the 1800s?
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What was the purpose of the Sunday school movement within the working class?
What was the purpose of the Sunday school movement within the working class?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between the upper and lower classes during urbanization?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the upper and lower classes during urbanization?
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Which group primarily supported conservatism during this period?
Which group primarily supported conservatism during this period?
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What was a significant reason why liberals distanced themselves from the French Revolution?
What was a significant reason why liberals distanced themselves from the French Revolution?
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What was one significant consequence of the Industrial Revolution on women's roles in society?
What was one significant consequence of the Industrial Revolution on women's roles in society?
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What was a key effect of the Opium War on British and Chinese relations?
What was a key effect of the Opium War on British and Chinese relations?
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How do socialists differ from liberals in their political goals?
How do socialists differ from liberals in their political goals?
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Which of the following best describes the influence of industrialization on the working class in Europe?
Which of the following best describes the influence of industrialization on the working class in Europe?
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What were the Corn Laws intended to protect?
What were the Corn Laws intended to protect?
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What did the Communist Manifesto advocate for after overthrowing the bourgeoisie?
What did the Communist Manifesto advocate for after overthrowing the bourgeoisie?
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Which expression of revolutionary sentiment occurred in France in 1848?
Which expression of revolutionary sentiment occurred in France in 1848?
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What did the People’s Charter of 1838 demand?
What did the People’s Charter of 1838 demand?
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Who was elected president after the riots during the June Days in France?
Who was elected president after the riots during the June Days in France?
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Which country faced revolts for national unification in 1848?
Which country faced revolts for national unification in 1848?
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What caused the rise of ideological turmoil and social unrest in 1848?
What caused the rise of ideological turmoil and social unrest in 1848?
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What happened to the Frankfurt Parliament in Germany?
What happened to the Frankfurt Parliament in Germany?
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What ideology were Marx and Engels associated with?
What ideology were Marx and Engels associated with?
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What characterized the Chartism movement?
What characterized the Chartism movement?
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What was Metternich's role in 1848 Austria?
What was Metternich's role in 1848 Austria?
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Study Notes
Beginnings of Industry
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Industrial Revolution began around 1800s, marked by gradual but significant change
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Britain and the Netherlands were early industrializers
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Machines replaced human labor, increasing production and consumption
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Industrial laws were not implemented until the 1830s
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Industrialization and urbanization were prominent features
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Textiles were central to the Industrial Revolution, with wool being a key material
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The "Putting Out" / Domestic System increased textile production by engaging more workers
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Water frame was an early source of power in the IR
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England led industrialization due to a developed banking system, larger middle class, and agricultural revolution
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England possessed abundant coal, iron, and navigable waterways
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Early factory workers faced hardship, lacking protection from market fluctuations
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Some lost textile jobs to more productive machines, with factories often located near rivers due to water power being important
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Railroads replaced canals, powered by steam engines (like John's) in the 1820s, offering faster, cheaper transport
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By 1850, only 10% of workers were in factories, facing poor conditions (12-17 hour days)
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Factories lacked regulations, but factory work was still better than mining
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Legislation like the Factory Act (1833) and Mines Act (1842) aimed to improve conditions
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Industrialization spread from England, primarily to areas with coal and iron
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Other countries adopted British ideas with varying degrees of government support
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Britain remained dominant until the 1870s
Urbanization and its Consequences
- Rapid city growth in the 1800s due to rural-to-urban migration seeking jobs
- Cities lacked sufficient housing, jobs, and food for the influx of people
- Poor sanitation (lack of sewers, clean water, and air) led to widespread diseases (cholera, tuberculosis)
- Inadequate public services (police, fire, health) contributed to urban problems
- "The Black Country" described England's polluted cities
- The gap between social classes widened in cities, increasing class tension
- Rising populations strained food production, causing famines
Social Classes
- Upper class remained similar to prior eras, largely rural landowners & conservative
- Middle class (bourgeoisie) emerged as industrial owners (factories, banks, railroads, mines) and became more influential, liberal, and critical of working conditions
- Working class (proletariat) comprised factory workers and domestic servants, facing harsh living and working conditions
- Lower class remained primarily unemployed and conservative
Reforming the Social Order
- The middle class's power grew due to industrial ownership
- Romanticism, specifically Neo-Gothic, reacted against industrialization and romanticized pre-industrial life
- Literature (e.g., George Sand, Charles Dickens) criticized industrial misery
- Population growth due to the agricultural revolution and decreased plagues
- Malthus and Ricardo argued for population control and low wages for the working class
- Religious movements (Sunday schools, temperance) attempted to improve morals and literacy, along with trying to reform social status
- Women's roles were limited to the home, lacking political rights
Overseas
- Imperialism intensified due to the need for resources
- Slavery was largely abolished by 1830s in many areas
- The Opium War between Britain and China (over opium sales), with Britain's win and control over Hong Kong
Ideologies and Political Movements
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Nationalism emphasized national pride, potentially uniting or dividing groups
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Examples: Italian unification, Germen economic unity, Polish struggles, Slavophiles
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Conservatism advocated for preserving the old order (monarchy, social hierarchy, religion). Most supported by the nobility and rural population.
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Liberalism emphasized individual rights and constitution, supported by the middle class, and favored gradual change
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Utilitarianism sought laws benefitting most people
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Socialism, advocated for working class rights, wanted to reorganize society, and opposed exploitation from liberalism
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Communism, radical ideology advocating for proletariat revolution, classless society, and shared wealth
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Chartism, a working-class movement demanding political reforms (universal male suffrage, secret ballot, equal electoral districts, etc.)
Revolutions of 1848
- Economic and social discontent fueled revolutions across Europe
- Revolutions challenged conservative order and disrupted the Concert of Europe
- 1848 French Revolution saw Louis-Philippe's abdication, a provisional government, and conflict. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte became president, later emperor.
- Italian revolts aimed at unification, initially challenging Austria (with the Roman Republic emerging as a short-lived example)
- German revolts sought unification but were suppressed within Prussia
- Austrian revolts by Magyars were also suppressed.
- The revolutions mostly failed due to conservative military strength, fears of radicalism, and internal divisions. The Concert of Europe was re-established afterwards.
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Description
Explore the key aspects of the Industrial Revolution, which began in the 1800s, focusing on the shift from manual labor to machine-driven production. Learn about the pivotal role of textiles and the factors that propelled industrialization in Britain. This quiz covers early factory conditions, the introduction of machinery, and the impact of the banking system.
