Industrial Revolution Overview

The shift from manual labor to machine-powered production, leading to significant changes in societies.

The process of increasing the use of machinery in production, which spurred the Industrial Revolution.

A period of significant advancements in farming techniques leading to increased food production.

A method of farming that involves rotating different crops in and out of a field each year to maintain soil fertility.

A device that efficiently plants seeds in designated spots in the ground.

A period before the Industrial Revolution when most people lived in rural areas, grew their own food, and made their own clothes.

The increased availability of food due to agricultural advancements, leading to population growth.

The accumulation of wealth by individuals, which played a role in financing the Industrial Revolution.

The total value of a country's production of goods and services.

The Industrial Revolution spread from Britain to other countries like Belgium, France, Germany, the United States, Russia, and Japan.

France's industrialization was delayed due to factors such as a limited urban workforce, the French Revolution, and subsequent wars.

Germany's industrialization was delayed due to political fragmentation but accelerated after unification in 1871.

The United States' industrial revolution began in the 19th century and was significantly aided by a large influx of immigrants from Europe and East Asia.

The Trans-Siberian Railroad connected Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, facilitating trade with East Asia.

The workforce of a country or region, possessing skills, knowledge, and experience.

Russia's industrialization focused on railroads and exports, particularly with East Asian countries like China and Japan.

A system of manufacturing where merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes.

Also known as the putting-out system, this system allowed women weavers some independence by working in their own homes, but production was slow.

A machine invented by James Hargreaves in the 1760s, that allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time, significantly speeding up production.

A machine invented by Richard Arkwright in 1769 that used waterpower to drive a spinning wheel, leading to more efficient production but displacing home-based textile workers.

The system of manufacturing using specialized machines and factories to produce goods, replacing the cottage industry.

A system of manufacturing where each component of a product is identical and interchangeable, meaning a broken part can be easily replaced.

The division of labor in factories, where each worker focuses on a specific task, leading to increased productivity.

The inventor of interchangeable parts, a system that revolutionized manufacturing and made mass production possible.

The British government imposed a 5% tax on textiles produced in Bombay, India, to protect British textile mills in Lancaster.

The Industrial Revolution brought about technological innovations that were initially celebrated for their ability to harness nature to benefit humankind.

The Industrial Revolution's advancements in technology, such as the steam engine and internal combustion engine, led to greater access to resources and increased distribution of goods.

Egypt's textile industry declined in the 19th century due to the rise of European textile production, which dominated both domestic and international markets.

Mining in Rajasthan, India, declined by the early 19th century, with the mining industry becoming extinct.

After British colonization ended in 1948, India's mining and metalworking industries remained virtually nonexistent until the early 20th century.

India's primitive mining techniques, resulting from a lack of innovation, created the false impression that its mineral resources were inaccessible.

India's textile industry flourished in the 18th century, but British colonization led to a decline in its profitability due to the imposition of a tax on Indian textiles, designed to protect British textile mills.

A period marked by rapid advancement in technology, especially in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics. This era followed the initial industrial revolution and saw significant growth in industries like steel production, oil refining, and electricity.

A process involving blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities and make steel. This invention revolutionized steel production, making it more efficient and less expensive.

A fossil fuel, formed from the remains of ancient organisms, that became a vital new energy source during the Second Industrial Revolution.

A liquid extracted from petroleum that was a primary energy source for lighting and heating in the mid-1800s.

The use of electricity to generate power, leading to innovations like street lighting and electric trams. This revolutionized how we use energy, moving from steam to electric power.

The device invented by Alexander Graham Bell that allows for the transmission of sound over long distances. This revolutionized communication and connected people in new ways.

Advances in technology that enabled communication over distance, fueled by the development of electricity and electronics. This included the invention of the telephone and advancements in telegraphy.

The advancement of electrical and electronic systems that enabled new forms of communication and power generation. This was a key driver of the second industrial revolution and the modern world.

The invention of the telegraph, invented in 1837 by Samuel Morse, allowed for immediate communication over long distances.

A railroad that connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in the US, completed in 1869. It was a major achievement in transportation and facilitated the growth of US industries.

Money available to invest in a business. Capital was a driving force for industrial growth, both within countries and globally.

Resources available for use in production, such as coal, iron, oil. These were crucial for industrial development and fueled global trade.

A period of rapid economic growth, often spurred by new technologies and increased global trade. Industrialization led to rapid economic development in various countries.

The movement of people from one place to another, often driven by economic opportunities or political factors. Industrialization spurred migration, both within countries and internationally.