Industrial Revolution in America

• A peek into American life in the early 1800s
• The Industrial Revolution began in Rhode Island in 1793
• Samuel Slater built the first American spinning mill, which produced cloth
• Rhode Island's geography was ideal for water-powered mills
• The War of 1812 made importing goods difficult, encouraging Americans to produce their own goods
• Francis Cabot Lowell started a textile mill in 1814, employing mostly young women
• The mill's success led to the founding of Lowell, Massachusetts
• The "Lowell girls" were well-paid but worked long hours in tough conditions
• The Industrial Revolution made clocks essential in America
• Farms relied on the sun, but factories needed precise timekeeping

New Technology of the Era

• Interchangeable parts were introduced by Eli Whitney

• Created for muskets, made mass production possible

• The telegraph was invented by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1837

• Improved communication using Morse code to send messages along wires

• Steam power revolutionized transportation

• Robert Fulton perfected the steamboat in 1807, improving river travel

• Peter Cooper created the steam locomotive in 1830, advancing land transport and leading to railroads

• James Watt's improvements to steam engines in 1780 freed factories from needing to be located near rivers

• New technology aided westward expansion with tools like the John Deere plow and the McCormick reaper

• Wheat became a cash crop, and cities like Chicago emerged

• The Midwest supplied food to the Northeast, and the Northeast provided manufactured goods

• American innovation reduced the impact of distances

• Eli Whitney's cotton gin (1793) cleaned cotton quickly, speeding up harvests and increasing cotton goods production

• The cotton gin increased slavery and Southern plantation owners' profits

• Plantation owners made up about 3% of the Southern population

• Cotton was "king" in the Deep South, discouraging diversification

• "Yeomen" were small-scale farmers who owned land but no slaves

• Tenant farmers rented land, both groups tending to be poor

Slave Life

• The international slave trade was abolished by 1808, but domestic trade increased
• Almost every slave in the U.S. had been born into slavery by the early 1800s
• Nat Turner led a violent uprising in Virginia in 1831
• Nat Turner's Rebellion scared Southerners, who hardened their stance
• Harsher laws were passed to control slaves
• After the War of 1812, nationalism spread through the U.S.

Nationalism and the Era of Good Feeling

• James Monroe became the fifth President with little opposition
• The Federalist Party was fractured
• Monroe toured the country, enjoying widespread support
• The era was marked by little disagreement about national politics
• The period was named the Era of Good Feeling
• Monroe was reelected almost unanimously in 1820
• Henry Clay proposed the American System to strengthen the national economy and promote unity
• Establish a Bank of the United States to issue a single U.S. currency
• Increase protective tariffs to boost American manufacturing
• Use tariff revenue to build roads and canals (public works)
• The Bank's charter was renewed in 1816 as the Second Bank of the United States, but it remained controversial
• The South opposed tariffs, which hurt their economy
• Some doubted Congress's authority to fund public works within states
• Congress approved the Cumberland Road from Maryland to Illinois
• Invested in the Erie Canal, connecting New York City to the Great Lakes region
• Built by hand between 1817 and 1825
• Increased trade, caused a population surge in the Midwest, and inspired more canals

Sectionalism

• Sectionalism, or regional and state identity, grew with nationalism
• The Northeast focused on factories and trade
• The South relied on plantations
• The West was an area for people to exploit new land
• Regional politics emerged
• The North favored high tariffs to drive American-made goods sales
• The South supported slavery and low tariffs, importing most goods

The Missouri Compromise

• Northerners wanted high land prices to keep workers in cities
• Westerners wanted low land prices and internal improvements
• Sectionalism caused conflict with Missouri's 1817 statehood application
• The U.S. had 11 slave and 11 free states
• Missouri's entry as a slave state would upset the Senate balance
• In 1820, Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise
• Missouri entered as a slave state
• Maine entered as a free state, splitting from Massachusetts
• Slavery was banned north of Missouri's southern border (36°30' latitude) in future states
• The Missouri Compromise divided the Louisiana Purchase territory by slavery status, increasing division between North and South

Relations with England and Spain

• The U.S. and Britain agreed to demilitarize the Great Lakes and U.S.-Canada border
• The 49th parallel became the demilitarized border, stretching west to the Rocky Mountains
• Relations with Britain improved, but tensions with Spain remained over western Florida
• The U.S. claimed Florida as part of the Louisiana Purchase
• Spain disagreed, and Seminole Indians raided American settlements
• Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish territory and captured two forts without permission in April 1818

The Monroe Doctrine

• John Quincy Adams gave Spain the choice to police their territory of sell it
• Spain Sold Florida and claims to the Pacific Northwest for $5 million
• These campaigns enhanced Jackson's reputation
• Latin American revolutions reduced Spanish territories
• Símon Bolívar led revolutions in Latin America
• Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla won independence for Mexico in 1821
• France, Russia, Purssia and Austria considered helping Spain regain land
• Monroe feared European countries would attempt to recolonize the Americas
• The Monroe Doctrine was issued on December 2nd, 1823
• The American Foreign Policy was established for years to come
• Set the stage for America to become a world power
• The three major points were: European interference in the U.S. would not be tolerated and the U.S. would stay neutral in European colonies or conflicts
• The U.S. wouldn't tolerate new colonization of the Americas
• Any attempt by Europe to further colonize would be considered an act of aggression

The Election of 1824

• All candidates of the 1824 presidential election considered themselves to be in the same party
• There was no agreed-upon way of nominating a candidate
• The North was in favor of John Quincy Adams
• The South supported Andrew Jackson or William Crawford
• The West wanted Henry Clay or Andrew Jackson
• Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but didn't receive a majority of electoral votes
• Jackson won about 40% of the popular vote
• Because there wasn't a majority in the Electoral College that the House of Represenatives would decide the winner
• Henry Clay convinced his colleagues to vote for John Quincy Adams that won
• Adams appointed Clay as his Secretary of State
• His opponents thought there was a back-room deal that had been made

The Election of 1828 and Jacksonian Democracy

• The election of 1824 led to two new political parties
• The democrats supported Jackson
• The National Republicans supported Adams
• Jackson was nicknamed "Old Hickory" for his toughness
• He won an oveewhelming victory and John C. Calhoun became his Vice President
• Jackson promoted expanding democratic previleges to a wider population
• Previously some could vote only if they owned property or paid taxes but Jackson changed this
• He loosened these restrictons to include more white men
• Free blacks and women still could not vote
• Jackson's win was a triumph for the common man
• Jackson started replacing government officials with people who supported him
• Also known as hte Spoils System
• Jackson appointed Martin Van Buren as Secretary of State
• Also relied on his Kitchen Cabinet made up of friends for advice

Tarrifs and the Nullification Crisis

• Before Jackson took office, Consress raised tarrifs on raw mateerials and goods making the South call it the Tarrif of Abominations
• The South called the tarrif unconstitutional as it faovred one region over another
• Could also nullify laws because of the Theory of State Sovereignty
• Federal government only had power from states
• In the Nullification Act of 1832 South Carolina declared a tarrif null and void and threatened to secede from the union
• Jackson pushed the Force Bill to allow the army to enforce the tarrifs
• Henry Clay came up woth a plan ot gradually reduce the tarrif
• When Jackson was reelected he showed support for state rights by vetoing a renewal of the charter for the Secind Bank of the United States
• Moved money to state banks
• NOne of the resolved the dabate which has never ended

The Whig Party and the Panic of 1837

• Paritially in postion to Jackson's destrcution of the Second Bank of the United Staes, a new party "The Whigs" was created
• The Whigs nominatee three caniddate sin hopes fo throwing the elction
• Took name from English anti-monarchy party
• They felt it lead to the tyranny of "King Andrew" Jackson
• Van Buren (Jackson's Supporters-- now called the democrats) one and tool office in 1827 as the 8th president.
• The economic boom was over
• Panic of 1837; the values of land, cotton, and paper money decreased, leading tot errible inflation
• Previous year Jackson tried to demand gold or silver instead but this did not work however was still considereed a national hero
• Van Buren NOT Jackson, got blamed
• Did not believe in laissez-faire economic policies

"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"

• Whig Party nominated William Henry Harrison and Jorn Tyler
• Represented that Harrison was a common man because they used a log cabin as their symbol
• personal attacks became "The Log Cabin Campaign" _The Whigs used slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" emphasizing Harrison's past as was hero at the Battle of Tippecanoe
• Harrrison won the election becoming the ninth president
• On Inauguration Day, Harrison (68 years old) didn't wear a coat during his speech because it was bittery cold .
• Tyler become president

Westward Ho!

• Americans looked to move out West
• New canals, railroads and roads made traveling easier

The Indian Removal Act

President Jackson thought it was impossible for Native Americans to live in the region

• Authorized Federal Government to force Native Americans out of the Southeast
• Congress selected an area of modern-day Oklahoma to be Indian Territory (also known as Reservation)

The Trail of Tears

• Cherokee of Georgia were the most to give in
• In 1828, gold had been found
• Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled the Cherokees were a sovereign nation
• Georgia and Jackson did not decide to enforce the rulling
• Congress would persuade a small member
• Van Buren sent General Winnfield Scott thousands moved into holding camps
• 1/4 pop. died

Other resistance to the Indian Removal Act

• Some Seminoles resisted as well
• Osceola urged people to go to war

Oregon Country

• Back in Europe, hats made from beaver fur became a popular accessory

The Morman Trail

• The people were persecuted because they polygamy
• Moved to mormon trail