Industrial Revolution Contributions

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Questions and Answers

What did Hargreaves invent?

Spinning Jenny

What did Arkwright invent?

Water frame

Who invented the steam engine?

Newcomen and Savery

What improvement did Watt make to the steam engine?

A separate condenser Signup and view all the answers

What did Cort invent?

Puddling furnace Signup and view all the answers

What did Haussman do?

Planned the streets and infrastructure of Paris Signup and view all the answers

What did Balzac write and what style did he use?

The Human Comedy, Realism Signup and view all the answers

What contribution did Lister make to medicine?

Listerine Signup and view all the answers

What topic did Chadwick focus on?

Poverty from death and disease Signup and view all the answers

What did Pasteur discover?

Germs Signup and view all the answers

Why was Elizabeth Strut essential to her family's business?

She had a deep understanding of prices, qualities, types, and styles of stockings, and she contributed to the business by finding capital and helping it grow. Signup and view all the answers

What was Thomas Malthus's main argument in his book, "Essay on the Principle of Population"?

Malthus argued that population growth would always outpace food production, leading to widespread poverty and hardship. Signup and view all the answers

What was the difference between the U.K.'s industrialization and Europe's?

The U.K.'s industrialization was more efficient due to its earlier start and the adoption of advanced technology. (A), The U.K. had access to more capital and resources. (C), The U.K. had a more stable and encouraging political system. (D), Europe's industrialization was hindered by political instability and wars. (E) Signup and view all the answers

What were the weaknesses of the continental countries' industrialization?

Inadequate infrastructure and transportation networks. (A), Resistance from landowning elites. (B), Limited availability and high cost of new technologies. (E), Smaller markets compared to Britain. (F), Disruptions caused by the Napoleonic Wars. (G), Shortage of skilled workers. (H) Signup and view all the answers

What was the Amalgamated Society of Engineers?

A group of skilled machinists organized after Robert Owen's efforts to improve working conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Did factories prefer to hire entire families to work?

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What were the first products that Britain's first factories produced?

Cotton/textiles Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the negative aspects of factory work?

Working conditions sucked (long hours, child labor that gave basically no pay with bad hours, exposer to machinery, toxic chemicals, etc.) Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the factors that contributed to Britain's rise in industrialization? (Select all that apply)

Rapid adoption of new farming methods. (A), A strong central bank and credit markets. (C), A stable monarchy and aristocratic hierarchy. (D), Strong Atlantic economy and British colonial empire. (E), An abundance of agricultural laborers and potential industrial workforce. (G), A good domestic market strengthened by cheap shipping. (H) Signup and view all the answers

What was the first use of the steam engine?

Pumping water out of deep coal mines. Signup and view all the answers

What did James Watt do to improve the steam engine?

He added a separate condenser to make it more efficient. Signup and view all the answers

What were the two cities connected by the world's first railroad?

Liverpool and Manchester Signup and view all the answers

How did the reduced cost of freight impact industrialization?

It lowered the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight, encouraging larger markets and factories, and contributing to urbanization. Signup and view all the answers

Who built Europe's railroads?

Landless farm laborers and poor peasants who became urban workers. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Crystal Palace, and what did it hold?

The Crystal Palace was a venue that housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, which showcased inventions from various countries highlighting Britain's technological advancements. Signup and view all the answers

What did William Cockerill do?

He founded a textile factory in Belgium, introducing industrialization to continental Europe. Signup and view all the answers

What did Fritz Harcourt do? (Select all that apply)

Authored a book advocating for the adoption of industrialization. (E) Signup and view all the answers

What did Frederick List do?

He promoted industrialization in Germany and advocated for protectionist policies to encourage domestic industries to compete with Britain's superior manufactured goods. Signup and view all the answers

Why were the continental banks good and bad?

Good: Promoted trade and commerce / Bad: Susceptible to economic instability. (A), Good: Increased access to credit / Bad: Vulnerable to financial crises. (C), Good: Provided capital for industrial growth / Bad: Limited lending and high interest rates. (E) Signup and view all the answers

How did the Industrial Revolution impact worker's diets?

The Industrial Revolution led to a shift towards a more carbohydrate-heavy diet for workers, with less meat and more bread and potatoes. Signup and view all the answers

What did Engels write about?

Engels criticized the exploitation of the working class by the capitalist middle class. Signup and view all the answers

What was the biggest change from the cottage industry to factory work?

The factory system introduced a more centralized and disciplined work environment, with workers losing control over their work and its pace. Signup and view all the answers

In the first half of the nineteenth century, labor legislation primarily focused on what?

It mainly targeted the working conditions for children, aiming to regulate their hours and protect them from exploitation. Signup and view all the answers

What did Robert Owen do? (Select all that apply)

Founded trade unions to protect workers' rights. (A), Promoted worker-owned factories. (B), Fought for the abolition of child labor. (C), Established a utopian community based on socialist principles. (D), Advocated for shorter working hours and improved working conditions. (F) Signup and view all the answers

What were subcontractors, and what role did they play in industrialization?

Subcontractors were individuals or small workshops that worked on specific parts of larger projects, often contracted by factories. They helped to expand production capacity and utilize a skilled workforce, contributing to the growth of the industrial sector. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the pay scale between men and women become more distinct during the Industrial Revolution?

Industrial work shifted towards tasks requiring greater strength and physicality, favoring men over women, leading to a wider gap in wages. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Factory Act of 1833 do?

It limited the working hours of children in factories. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Mine Act of 1842 do?

It banned women and children under 10 years old from working in coal mines. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Combination Act of 1799 do?

It outlawed trade unions and other forms of worker organization. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the Chartists?

The Chartists demanded universal male suffrage, meaning the right to vote for all men. Signup and view all the answers

Who primarily paid for the railroads on the Continent?

Governments often played a significant role in financing the development of continental railroads. Signup and view all the answers

Who were mostly hired to work in factories?

Factories primarily hired individuals from the rural population who were seeking work in urban areas. Signup and view all the answers

What was the per-capita level of industry? (from a chart)

Belgium and the U.S. had a comparable level of industrialization between 1750-1880 and 1900-1913. (A), Great Britain had the highest level of industrialization between 1750-1913. (B), Russia, China, and India had the lowest levels of industrialization. (C), Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy had a lower level of industrialization compared to France. (D), These rankings indicate that the U.K. was the leading industrial power throughout this period, with Belgium and the U.S. catching up in later stages. (E), France had a lower level of industrialization compared to the U.K. and Belgium. (F) Signup and view all the answers

Why was the capitalist class so important to industrialization?

The capitalist class provided capital for the establishment and expansion of factories, invested in technology, and took risks to drive economic growth. Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the benefits of industrialization for Britain? (Select all that apply)

The growth of cities and urbanization. (A), Technological innovation and advancements. (B), Increased productivity and economic growth. (D), Increased production and greater availability of goods. (F), Creation of new jobs and opportunities. (H) Signup and view all the answers

What were the essential components that countries needed in place for the Industrial Revolution? (Select all that apply)

A skilled workforce. (B), A well-developed economy and infrastructure. (C), Available energy sources, such as coal and water power. (E), Access to capital for investment. (F), The ability to manufacture precise parts and machinery. (G), A thriving agricultural sector to support a growing population. (H) Signup and view all the answers

After 1815, how did the Industrial Revolution affect continental Europe's wheat production? (Select all that apply)

A significant increase in wheat production due to new technologies. (B), Increased demand for wheat due to a growing population. (C), A shift towards large-scale wheat farming with mechanization. (F) Signup and view all the answers

What did the Luddites do?

The Luddites were a group of English textile workers who protested against the introduction of new technologies they believed were threatening their jobs. Signup and view all the answers

What products were France and Belgium known for?

France: Luxury goods like wine, textiles, and fashion. Belgium: Coal, steel, and textiles. Signup and view all the answers

What were Customs Unions?

Customs unions were agreements between countries to eliminate tariffs on trade within the union, aiming to promote free trade and economic integration. Signup and view all the answers

What did the growth of prostitution reflect during the Industrial Revolution?

Prostitution flourished during the Industrial Revolution due to the influx of workers to cities, social and economic disparities, and the availability of cheap labor from women escaping poverty. Signup and view all the answers

Did married, middle-class women's rights increase or decrease in the first half of the 19th century?

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Who did Engels accuse of exploitation in his book?

Engels accused the British middle class of exploiting the working class. Signup and view all the answers

What factors contributed to the spread of industrialization from Britain to Continental Europe? (Select all that apply)

The rise of a new class of entrepreneurs and financiers in Continental Europe. (A), Political stability and government support for industrial development. (B), The spread of technological innovations from Britain. (C), The establishment of new trade routes and improved transportation infrastructure. (D), The availability of raw materials like coal and iron in Continental Europe. (E), The availability of skilled labor in Continental Europe. (F) Signup and view all the answers

How did the invention of the spinning jenny initially impact the labor force by gender?

The spinning jenny initially favored female spinners, leading to a reduction in demand for male weavers. Signup and view all the answers

Why was the water frame significant despite its production of thick thread?

The water frame required a large workforce, which was a shift from home-based manufacturing. Signup and view all the answers

Besides his engineering work, what is one other contribution by Haussmann?

Haussmann's planning of Paris streets significantly reshaped the city's layout. Signup and view all the answers

How did the application of coke impact the iron industry?

Coke enabled the refining of pig iron in the puddling furnace. Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable business practice that Elizabeth Strutt demonstrated beyond textile production?

Elizabeth Strutt demonstrated a complex understanding of pricing, quality, and styles in her family's business. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Napoleonic Wars affect industrialization in continental Europe?

The Napoleonic Wars disrupted and slowed the spread of industrialization across Europe. Signup and view all the answers

What was negative about factories during early industrialization?

Early factories had poor working conditions including long hours, child labor with low pay, exposure to machinery and toxic chemicals. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key obstacle to the spread of industrialization across continental Europe?

Landowning elites in continental Europe who were resistant to change slowed industrialization. Signup and view all the answers

What shift in labor practices led to the rise of subcontractors during the Industrial Revolution?

The shift from skilled artisans to large-scale factory production led to management needing a way to control piece-work, which led them to use subcontractors. Signup and view all the answers

Besides limiting child labor and working hours, what other significant impact did the Factory Act of 1833 have on factory regulations?

Besides limiting child labor, it also established a system of inspections and created a basis for further reforms. Signup and view all the answers

Beyond just banning unions, what were the Combination Acts of 1799 designed to suppress?

The Combination Acts also sought to suppress collective bargaining and worker organizing, effectively suppressing wage increases. Signup and view all the answers

What specific political reforms did the Chartists advocate for, beyond broader goals of societal change?

The Chartists advocated for universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and equal electoral districts as specific reforms. Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did the industrial advancements in France and Belgium differ from Great Britain, besides the specific products they were known for?

France and Belgium often relied on existing skilled labor and artisan traditions leading to slower, and sometimes more sustainable growth compared to the rapid industrialization of Britain. Signup and view all the answers

Besides Britain, which European country was the first to meaningfully adapt new farming methods?

The Dutch Signup and view all the answers

What effect did Britain's bountiful crops and cheap prices have on families' spending habits during the Industrial Revolution?

Families had more disposable income to spend on manufactured goods. Signup and view all the answers

How did Britain's government policy encourage industrialization?

The government encouraged free markets, technical advancements, and personal initiative by workers. Signup and view all the answers

What two factors contributed to a large market for British goods, according to the provided text?

Britian's colonial empire and their hold in the Atlantic economy. Signup and view all the answers

How did the expansion of railroad networks impact the cost of goods during the Industrial Revolution?

It dramatically reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight on land. Signup and view all the answers

How did the reduced cost of shipping goods contribute to larger factories and improved machinery?

It encouraged larger markets, which in turn encouraged larger factories with better machinery to keep up with demand. Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of railroad expansion on the traditional artisans and cottage workers?

It caused increased competition for artisans and cottage workers. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Great Exhibition of 1851 held in the Crystal Palace?

It showed off inventions from many different countries but especially highlighted Great Britain’s technological superiority. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Spinning Jenny

Invented by James Hargreaves, it allowed multiple spools of thread to be spun at once.