Industrial Psychology (11-20)
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Questions and Answers

In Lewin's Change Model, which step involves breaking down the forces that maintain the status quo?

  • Moving
  • Unfreezing (correct)
  • Refreezing
  • Intervention

    • Which part of the organization is responsible for ensuring overall goals are carried out by the operating core?

  • Technostructure
  • Strategic apex
  • Middle line (correct)
  • Support staff

    • What is the primary focus of the technostructure within an organization?

  • Possess specific technical expertise facilitating overall operation (correct)
  • Ensuring overall goals are carried out by the operating core
  • Transform raw goods into sellable products
  • Aid the basic mission of the organization

    • What is a primary characteristic of evolutionary change?

    <p>Continual upgrading or improving processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role does not typically welcome change but will comply if it becomes necessary?

    <p>Reluctant changers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function involves ensuring employees possess necessary KSAOs for their roles?

    <p>Standardization of KSAOs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is associated with people enjoying change and often making changes for its own sake?

    <p>Change agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organizational part transforms raw goods into sellable products?

    <p>Operating core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the refreezing step in the change process?

    <p>The organization reaches a new level of equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the organization is associated with executive leadership and overall success?

    <p>Strategic apex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following constitutes the core of an organization's culture?

    <p>Basic Assumptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of a 'Traditional' organizational structure?

    <p>Formally defined roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mergers and acquisitions focuses primarily on financial issues?

    <p>Precombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of organizational downsizing, a horizontal cut refers to:

    <p>Loss of jobs within a department</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Person-Organization Fit primarily assesses:

    <p>Alignment between individual and organizational values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Organizational Practices Scale mainly measures:

    <p>Organizational structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coordinating mechanism involves sharing information on mutual tasks?

    <p>Informal Communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'Vertical Cut' in an organization imply?

    <p>Elimination of all jobs in a department</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the exporting of work to cheaper labor markets in overseas countries?

    <p>Offshoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of organizational structure deals with the division of work?

    <p>Division of Labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a mechanistic organization?

    <p>High degree of formalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organizational structure involves overlaying two structures to leverage the benefits of both?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a flat matrix organization, which characteristic is emphasized?

    <p>Empowering employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organizational structure is designed to operate in rapidly changing environments?

    <p>Organic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is characterized by both functional and product-specific divisions?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of organizational development?

    <p>Improve organizational effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure divides an organization into departments based on the functions or tasks performed?

    <p>Functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of centralization, where is the decision-making authority vested?

    <p>At the top of the organization hierarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the 'Decision Making Process' in the Vroom-Yetton model?

    <p>A model that includes autocratic, consultative, and collaborative processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of nonstandard organizations?

    <p>Less formalized roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand Theory primarily based on?

    <p>Individual self-interest and rationality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organizational theory is characterized by a minimal hierarchy and informal communication?

    <p>Simple theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of roles within organizational social systems, what does 'Role Ambiguity' refer to?

    <p>Uncertainty about the behaviors expected in a role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which decision-making model is focused on the expressive character of decision-making in successful organizations?

    <p>Peter and Waterman's Well-Managed Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Norms in social systems can be classified into 'descriptive' and 'injunctive' norms. What mainly differentiates them?

    <p>Their development process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of 'Role Differentiation' in organizational settings?

    <p>Variety of distinct roles performed by employees within the same subgroup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary element that makes up organizational climate?

    <p>Shared meanings attached to events and practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is integral to the development and communication of norms within an organization?

    <p>Ability to monitor and judge conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes roles from jobs within an organization?

    <p>Roles may involve multiple expectations, unlike singularly defined jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of 'Rational Choice Theory' within Adam Smith's framework?

    <p>Rational calculations to achieve personal objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy in organizational politics involves using favors and flattery to increase personal appeal?

    <p>Ingratiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of reengineering business processes?

    <p>To improve performance measures such as cost, quality, service, and speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of Appreciative Inquiry focuses on creating a vision statement from gathered information?

    <p>Dream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a divisional organizational structure, divisions are organized based on what?

    <p>Product output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Radical changes in organizational transformation?

    <p>Superficial changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Politics' refer to in an organizational context?

    <p>Process to achieve power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of Positive Psychology in organizational development?

    <p>Strengths and virtues of individuals and institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organizational change techniques engage employees by focusing on positive messages?

    <p>Appreciative Inquiry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Appreciative Inquiry involves designing ways to identify the organization's future path?

    <p>Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organizational transformation is often driven by interventions directed primarily towards what?

    <p>Creating a new organizational vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic that often leads to the failure of Organizational Development (OD) efforts?

    <p>Neglect of thorough analysis in favor of superficial changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of Beckhard's definition of Organizational Development?

    <p>Managed from mid-level management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Action Research Model, what follows the initial research about the organization?

    <p>Guidance for further activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is essential for effective team building interventions?

    <p>Collaboration and interdependence among members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used for systematic data collection in OD interventions?

    <p>Survey feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Total Quality Management (TQM) in organizations?

    <p>Employee involvement in quality control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT part of the sequenced steps for Total Quality Management (TQM)?

    <p>Conducting financial audits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Gainsharing primarily aimed at improving within an organization?

    <p>Productivity based bonuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for Survey Feedback to be effective in OD interventions?

    <p>Systematic data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Total Quality Management's Self-Comparison analysis?

    <p>Comparing organizational effectiveness with industry benchmarks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style focuses on changing the goals, values, ethics, standards, and performance of others?

    <p>Transformational Leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motivational factor describes leaders who become leaders due to a sense of duty?

    <p>Social-Normative Conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pattern is characterized by a high need for power and a low need for affiliation?

    <p>Leadership Motive Pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leader acts in a warm and supportive manner and shows concern for subordinates?

    <p>Person-Oriented Leaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leadership consists of many task-oriented behaviors?

    <p>Transactional Leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style assumes the organization's objectives are stable and aligned with the external environment?

    <p>Managerial Leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory views an organization as a machine with centralized authority?

    <p>Classical Org Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leader is likely to believe that employees are lazy and extrinsically motivated?

    <p>Task-Oriented Leaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which leadership style do leaders flourish when they delegate power and encourage initiative?

    <p>Shared Leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motivational factor describes someone who seeks leadership for personal gain?

    <p>Noncalculative Motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which power base is derived from personal characteristics valued by the organization?

    <p>Individual Power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of communication is aimed at linking related tasks, work units, and divisions in an organization?

    <p>Horizontal Communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in organizational decision making involves developing criteria for a successful solution?

    <p>Developing criteria for a successful solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of task performance involves employees modifying their behavior to align with a changing environment?

    <p>Adaptive Task Performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source of perceptual error occurs when the most recent information dominates our perception?

    <p>Recency Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of power is based on the ability to punish or threaten to punish others?

    <p>Coercive Power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect occurs when our general impression of a person distorts our perception of other characteristics of that person?

    <p>Halo Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which power base is grounded in formal rights or authority by virtue of a position in an organization?

    <p>Legitimate Power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of individual behavior involves anticipating and introducing new work patterns?

    <p>Proactive Task Performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of power is grounded in the possession of specialized knowledge, skill, or expertise?

    <p>Expert Power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is not typically associated with Neo-Classical Organization Theory?

    <p>Rigid and static organizational view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of Contingency Theory in organizational management?

    <p>Adaptation to situational variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a disadvantage of a Hierarchical organizational structure?

    <p>Disconnected lower and top-level management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Open Systems Theory focuses on organizations being influenced by which of the following?

    <p>Economic, political, and social environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element is not typically highlighted in Motivation Theory?

    <p>Organizational adaptability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept that there is no single best way to manage an organization pertains to which theory?

    <p>Contingency Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organizational structure is known for reducing duplication of scarce resources?

    <p>Functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory integrates classical organizational models with behavioral sciences?

    <p>Neo-Classical Organization Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Functional organizational structure, what is a notable disadvantage?

    <p>Fosters parochial perspectives by managers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is central to Modern Organization Theory?

    <p>Adaptation to environmental changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of operating each division as a separate entity?

    <p>Greater accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with the duplication of areas of expertise?

    <p>Reduces the ability to share knowledge across divisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the structure that recognizes interdepartmental dependencies foster?

    <p>Orientation toward clients and outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of having a minimal hierarchy and high flexibility in an organization?

    <p>Minimizes the walls between employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor enhances speed and efficiency in organizations?

    <p>Rapid adaptation to environmental changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the ratio of line workers to supervisors affect the organization?

    <p>Can make the organization top-heavy with administrators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a downside of requiring new skills and knowledge to manage lateral relationships and teams?

    <p>Impacts the speed of decision-making in teams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk for employees at the bottom level in a highly hierarchical organization?

    <p>Feeling cut-off from upper levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is better suited for dealing with complex, creative work products?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of having an insufficient number of specialized jobs due to economies of scale?

    <p>Limited specialization opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organizational Culture and Structure

    3 Layers of Organizational Culture:

    • Observable Artifacts: symbols, language, narratives, and practices
    • Espoused Values: values endorsed by the management
    • Basic Assumptions: unobservable and are the core of the organization

    Organizational Culture Profile

    • A descriptive profile of the organization through sorting 54 "value statements" into meaningful categories

    Organizational Practices Scale

    • Measures organizational structure in terms of dimensions such as process vs. result-oriented

    Person-Organization Fit (Person-Organization Congruence)

    • Process of gauging the degree of fit between the individual and the organization
    • People who define the organization's culture

    Downsizing, Outsourcing, Offshoring

    • Downsizing: reducing the number of jobs in an organization, often in response to financial pressures
      • Reduces cost
      • Involves horizontal and vertical cuts
    • Outsourcing: using external employees to perform internal functions
    • Offshoring: exporting work to cheaper labor markets in other countries

    Mergers and Acquisitions

    • Organizational Merger: a marriage of two organizations of equal status and power
    • Acquisition: procurement of property by another organization
      • Types: hostile takeover and parent-target

    3 Phases of Mergers and Acquisitions

    • Precombination: emphasis on financial issues
    • Combination: clash between people as they focus on differences between partners
    • Postcombination: integrating two cultures

    Organizational Structure

    • Definition: arrangement of positions in an organization and the authority and responsibility relationships among them
    • Division of Labor: subdivision of work into separate jobs assigned to different people
    • Coordinating Mechanisms: informal communication, formal hierarchy, and standardization

    Elements of Organizational Structure

    • Chain of Command: clear line of authority
    • Span of Control: number of employees a manager supervises
    • Centralization and Decentralization: degree of decision-making authority
    • Formalization: documentation of policies and procedures
    • Mechanistic vs. Organic Structure: traditional vs. nonstandardized work roles and procedures

    Organizational Development

    • Definition: planned, organization-wide effort to increase organizational effectiveness through behavioral science knowledge
    • Characteristics: involves the total organization, supported by top management, long-term process, emphasizes goals and objectives, and focuses on changing attitudes and behaviors
    • Theories: simple, functional, divisional, and matrix structures

    Change Management

    • Types of Change: evolutionary (gradual) and revolutionary (abrupt)
    • Lewin's Change Model: unfreezing, moving, and refreezing
    • Action Research Model: cyclical process of research, action, and evaluation

    Decision Making Models

    • Vroom-Yetton Model: provides a flowchart for decision-making processes
    • Peter and Waterman's Well-Managed Model: focuses on the expressive character of decision-making
    • Rational Choice Theory: individuals use rational calculations to make rational choices### Organizational Development
    • Change Agent: An OD (Organizational Development) practitioner who helps address social problems in an organization
    • Action Research Model: A cyclical approach to address social problems in an organization, involving:
      • Initial research about the organization
      • Results guiding further activities
      • Sensemaking: employees gaining a better understanding of their workplace

    Effective Interventions

    • Must fit the needs of the organization
    • Based on causal knowledge of intended outcomes
    • Transfer change-management competence to organization members
    • Types of interventions:
      • Survey Feedback: systematic data collection, widely used
      • Team Building: develop teams or enhance existing ones
        • Requires member collaboration and interdependence
        • Must be initiated to correct existing problems
        • Can be combined with other interventions
      • Outdoor Experiential Training: uses outdoor activities and exercises
      • Total Quality Management (TQM): focuses on employee involvement in quality control
        • Senior management must receive training on TQM
        • Employees are trained in quality methods (e.g., statistical process control)
        • Employees identify areas for improvement and deviations from quality standards
        • Self-comparison analysis with industry benchmarks
        • Rewards linked to intervention goals

    Power Bases

    • Blocking: threatening to stop working with others
    • Coalition: obtaining co-workers' support for a request
    • Organization Power: comes from an individual's position and control over resources
    • Individual Power: derived from personal characteristics valued by the organization
    • Types of power:
      • Coercive Power: ability to punish or threaten others
      • Reward Power: ability to give something positive
      • Legitimate Power: formal authority and rights
      • Expert Power: possession of special knowledge or skill
      • Referent Power: respect, admiration, and liking from others

    Communication in the Organization

    • Horizontal Communication: links related tasks, work units, and divisions; among co-workers with similar hierarchy
    • Downward Communication: provides information from higher levels to lower levels
    • Upward Communication: serves as a control system, where subordinates communicate to higher levels

    Organizational Decision Making

    1. Setting organization goals
    2. Establishing performance criteria
    3. Classifying and defining the problem
    4. Developing criteria for a successful solution
    5. Generating alternatives
    6. Comparing alternatives to criteria
    7. Choosing an alternative
    8. Implementation
    9. Evaluation

    Types of Individual Behavior

    • Task Performance: voluntary goal-directed behaviors contributing to organizational objectives
      • Proficient Task Performance: efficient and accurate performance
      • Adaptive Task Performance: adapting to new environments and patterns
      • Proactive Task Performance: taking initiative to benefit the organization
    • Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: cooperation and helpfulness to others
    • Counterproductive Behavior: voluntary behaviors that harm the organization or its stakeholders

    Joining/Staying with the Organization

    • Maintaining Attendance
      • Perceptual Effects:
        • Halo Effect: general impression of a person distorts perception of other characteristics
        • False-Consensus Effect: overestimating the extent of others' similar beliefs or behaviors
        • Primacy Effect: relying on first information to form an opinion
        • Recency Effect: most recent information dominating perception

    Leadership

    • Influencing, motivating, and enabling others to contribute to the organization's success
    • Motivation to Lead:
      • Affective Identity Motivation: enjoying leadership and influencing others
      • Noncalculative Motivation: seeking leadership for personal gain
      • Social-Normative Conditions: leading out of a sense of duty
    • Leadership Motive Pattern: high need for power and low need for affiliation
    • Types of leaders:
      • Task-Oriented: defining and structuring roles to attain formal goals
      • Person-Oriented: warm, supportive, and concerned with employee well-being
      • Transformational: visionary, charismatic, and inspirational
      • Transactional: task-oriented behaviors
      • Servant: serving others and prioritizing their needs

    Organizational Theories

    • Classical Org Theory: views organization as a machine with centralized authority and labor specialization
    • Neo-Classical Org Theory: emphasizes human relations, social relationships, and interactions
    • Modern Org Theory: organizations as systems adapting to environmental changes
    • Contingency Theory: no one-size-fits-all approach; situational variables influence organizational design
    • Open Systems Theory: organizations influenced by their environment and dependent on external resources

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    Description

    This quiz covers the three layers of organizational culture, including observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions, and their impact on industrial psychology.

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