Industrial Plant Engineering Elements Quiz

Power and Industrial Plant Engineering Elements

• Vertical Turbine Pump: A type of pump designed for underground installation, particularly in deep wells.
• Aquifer: An underground geological formation capable of storing and transmitting significant quantities of groundwater.
• Wet Pit: An enclosure made of timber, concrete or masonry partially filled with water. It usually has a screened inlet and is connected to an open body of water like a pond, lake, or stream.
• Groundwater: Water found in underground formations (aquifers).
• Impeller: A rotating component in a pump that imparts velocity to the liquid through centrifugal force.
• Stuffing Box: A component used to throttle leakage at the point where the pump shaft enters the casing.
• Shaft Sleeve: A protective component that shields the shaft from wear as it passes through the stuffing box.
• Relative Humidity: The ratio of the actual vapor density of water in the air to the vapor density at saturation.
• Humidity Ratio: An expression of the mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air. It's also known as specific humidity.
• Bypass Factor: A measure of the air that bypasses the cooling coil in an air conditioning system. For large commercial units, it's typically around 10%.
• Surge Chamber: A component that mitigates the effects of rapid flow rate changes in a system where a forbay (a reservoir that feeds the water intake) is not part of the design.
• NPSHR (Net Positive Suction Head Required): The minimum fluid energy needed at the pump inlet to ensure proper operation and prevent cavitation.
• Cavitation: A phenomenon that occurs when the pressure of the liquid entering a pump falls below its vapor pressure, resulting in the formation of vapor bubbles that collapse violently, causing damage to the pump.
• Reciprocating Pumps: Traditional pumps using pistons and rods. They can be single-acting or double-acting and typically handle pressures up to 2000 psi.
• Sensible Heating: A heating process that increases the dry-bulb temperature of air without altering the humidity ratio.
• Adiabatic Saturation Process: A thermodynamic process in which air is adiabatically saturated with water vapor, resulting in an increase in relative humidity. It's also known as the constant wet-bulb temperature process.
• Cooling and Dehumidifying: A common air conditioning process used to remove heat and moisture from the air, especially during summer.
• Condensing Temperature: The temperature at which refrigerant vapor is converted back to liquid in a refrigeration cycle. For efficient operation, it should be between 5°C and 17°C.
• Chemical Dehumidifying: A process that combines heating and dehumidifying to remove moisture from the air.
• Absorption Refrigeration Cycle: A type of refrigeration cycle that uses a liquid absorbent to capture refrigerant vapor, making it suitable for situations where large quantities of waste heat or inexpensive heat energy are available.
• Air-Cooled Condensers: Condensers used in small to medium-sized refrigeration systems (up to 100 tons).
• Superheat: The amount of energy added to a vapor above its saturation temperature.
• Sublimation: The vaporization process that occurs below the triple point of a substance, directly from solid to gas.
• Enthalpy: A thermodynamic property that represents the total energy of a system.
• Baseload Plants: Power generating units designed to meet the constant or minimum load on the electrical system.
• Emissivity: A measure of a body's effectiveness in radiating heat at a given temperature.
• Combined Cycle Power Plant: A power plant that combines a gas turbine with a steam turbine to achieve higher efficiency. The gas turbine exhaust heat is used to generate steam, which then drives the steam turbine.
• Steam Reciprocating Pumps: Pumps powered by steam engines. They are typically sized using a three-digit number like 646, where the first digit represents the inside diameter of the steam cylinder in inches.
• Hydraulic Power: The power required to move a specific amount of fluid against a certain head (pressure) without accounting for losses.
• Viscosity: A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
• Third Law of Thermodynamics: States that the entropy of all perfect crystalline solids is zero at absolute zero temperature.
• Fanno Line: A line on a thermodynamic diagram (h-s) representing states with constant stagnation enthalpy and mass flux.
• Relative Humidity: The percentage of water vapor in the air at a given temperature, as compared to the amount the air could hold if saturated at that temperature.
• Wet Bulb Temperature: The temperature a body reaches when cooled by evaporation of water from its surface.
• Sensible Heat: Heat added to or removed from a substance that causes a change in temperature, but not a change in state.
• Cleanliness Factor: The ratio of the actual heat transfer coefficient to the ideal heat transfer coefficient, taking into account fouling.
• Turndown Ratio: The ratio of the maximum mass steam flow rate to the minimum mass steam flow rate at which a desuperheater can accurately maintain a desired temperature.
• Scavenging: The process of removing exhaust gases from a cylinder in an internal combustion engine before the next intake cycle.
• Turbocharging: A form of supercharging where the exhaust gases drive a turbine that powers a supercharger, increasing engine power.
• Runaway Speed: The maximum speed a turbine can reach if its governing system fails, resulting in uncontrolled operation.
• Gasoline as Diesel Fuel: Using gasoline in a diesel engine is not recommended due to several issues, including:
  • Gasoline does not ignite readily in diesel conditions: It requires a different ignition mechanism.
  • Gasoline's low viscosity causes wear on fuel injection pumps: This can lead to mechanical failure.
  • Adding lubrication oil to gasoline worsens the situation: It can cause clogging and performance problems.
• Advantages of Hydropower Plants:
  • Ancillary benefits: Hydropower plants can provide benefits beyond power generation, including irrigation, flood control, aquaculture, and navigation.

Test your knowledge on key concepts in power and industrial plant engineering. This quiz covers elements such as vertical turbine pumps, aquifers, and groundwater. Perfect for students and professionals in the field!