Industrial Pharmacy Theory

Questions and Answers

What effect does an elevated temperature have on mass transfer in solutions?

It decreases the solubility of most materials.

It increases the diffusion coefficient. (correct)

It increases the viscosity of the liquid.

It makes the boundary layer thicker.

How does agitation affect the mass transfer process?

It increases the thickness of the boundary layers.

It reduces the concentration gradient.

It disperses local concentrations of solution. (correct)

It lowers the diffusion coefficient.

Which statement about diffusion coefficients is correct?

A higher diffusion coefficient leads to a faster diffusion rate. (correct)

Higher values indicate a slower diffusion process.

Diffusion coefficients are always the same in different media.

Diffusion coefficients only apply to liquid phases.

What happens during mass transfer between two immiscible fluids?

Boundary layers form on each side of the interface. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods can NOT increase the rate of dissolution of a solid in a liquid?

Increasing the solid's size. Signup and view all the answers

What is one key reason for large scale manufacturing in industrial pharmacy?

Increased accuracy in measurement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of mass transfer in industrial processes?

Separation in distillation columns Signup and view all the answers

In the context of solid fluid mass transfer, what occurs first when a crystal dissolves in a solvent?

Molecule transport through the boundary layer Signup and view all the answers

What does the diffusion coefficient represent in mass transfer?

A proportionality constant Signup and view all the answers

How does bulk movement of solution contribute to mass transfer after molecular diffusion?

By eddy diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves mass transfer through the conversion of a liquid to vapor?

Drying a wet solid Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the soluble material when a crystal is placed in a solvent?

It undergoes diffusion through a boundary layer Signup and view all the answers

What is an operation that is NOT typically associated with mass transfer?

Chemical synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Industrial Pharmacy

Discipline encompassing the manufacturing, development, marketing, and distribution of drug products.
Quality assurance is integral to all activities in industrial pharmacy.

Reasons for Increased Large Scale Manufacturing

Economic: Larger manufacturing batches lead to reduced production costs due to economies of scale.
Accuracy: Proportional increase in accuracy of material measurements with larger quantities.

Mass Transfer

Defined as the net movement of mass from one location to another.
Examples include:
- Evaporation of water from a pond to the atmosphere
- Purification of blood in kidneys and liver
- Distillation of alcohol.

Mass Transfer in Industrial Processes

Involves operations such as:
- Separation of chemical components in distillation columns.
- Using absorbers (e.g., scrubbers) and adsorbers (e.g., activated carbon beds).
- Liquid-liquid extraction processes.

Solid Fluid Mass Transfer

Involves a crystal of soluble material dissolving in a solvent.
The crystal is affected by a stationary boundary layer of solute while the bulk fluid can move.
The mass transfer occurs in two stages:
- Molecular diffusion through the boundary layer without mechanical mixing.
- Bulk movement of solution known as eddy diffusion after passing through the boundary layer.

Diffusion Coefficient

Acts as a proportionality constant for mass transfer rates.
Higher diffusion coefficients indicate faster diffusion.
Example: Carbon dioxide diffusion coefficient is 16 mm²/s in air and 0.0016 mm²/s in water.

Fluid/Fluid Mass Transfer

Involves mass transfer between two immiscible fluids, such as two liquids or a liquid and a gas.
Each fluid has boundary layers along the interface affecting the concentration gradients.

Influence of Mass Transfer on Unit Operations

Mass transfer theory applies to operations involving phase changes (solid/liquid, solid/vapour, liquid/liquid, or liquid/vapour).
Improved rates of solution can be achieved through:
- Agitation: Reduces boundary layer thickness and disperses local concentrations to increase concentration gradient.
- Elevated temperatures: Enhances solubility, increases diffusion coefficients, and reduces liquid viscosity, thereby decreasing boundary layer thickness.
- Size reduction of solids: Increases the surface area for diffusion to occur.

Description

This quiz explores the key concepts of Industrial Pharmacy, focusing on the processes involved in manufacturing, developing, marketing, and distributing drug products. It also delves into the importance of quality assurance and the economic factors influencing large-scale manufacturing. Test your knowledge on these essential aspects of the discipline.