Industrial Pharmacy - B.Pharm 5th Sem Quiz

Solubility of drugs refers to the ability of a drug to dissolve in a solvent. It is significant because it affects the drug's absorption, bioavailability, and therapeutic effectiveness.

Preformulation is the process of studying the physical and chemical properties of a drug substance to develop a suitable dosage form.

Hydrates are compounds that contain water molecules within their structure, while solvates are compounds that contain solvent molecules. For example, crystalline sodium sulfate decahydrate is a hydrate, while a crystal of a drug combined with ethanol can be a solvate.

<p>True polymorphs are different crystalline forms of the same compound, whereas pseudo polymorphs involve solvent molecules in the crystal lattice, such as hydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hygroscopic materials are substances that absorb moisture from the air. Examples include certain salts and sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The goals of preformulation studies include determining the physical and chemical properties of a drug, enhancing formulation stability, and optimizing drug delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analytical methods include laser diffraction, microscopy, and dynamic light scattering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The partition coefficient is the ratio of concentrations of a compound in two immiscible phases. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relates pH, pKa, and the ratio of the concentrations of the deprotonated and protonated forms of an acid or base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymorphism is the ability of a solid compound to exist in more than one form or crystal structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carr's index is a measure of a powder's flowability, calculated as the difference between the bulk density and the tapped density, divided by the tapped density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons. For example, the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde is an oxidation reaction. These reactions can affect drug stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis is a reaction with water that breaks down compounds, such as the hydrolysis of aspirin to salicylic acid. Racemization is the conversion of an optically active compound into a racemic mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors include temperature, pH, presence of co-solvents, and particle size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) classifies drugs based on their solubility and permeability into four categories: Class I (high solubility, high permeability), Class II (low solubility, high permeability), Class III (high solubility, low permeability), and Class IV (low solubility, low permeability).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crystal form refers to a solid's specific geometric arrangement of atoms, while amorphous form lacks this orderly structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acceptance criteria for the angle of repose usually range from 25 to 45 degrees depending on the material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hausner's ratio is the ratio of tapped density to bulk density, used to evaluate the flow characteristics of powders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Criteria include particle size, shape, surface area, density, and flow properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organoleptic properties include appearance, odor, taste, and texture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The angle of repose is the steepest angle of descent of a pile of granular material, calculated as $ an^{-1}rac{h}{r}$, where $h$ is the height and $r$ is the radius of the base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The partition coefficient assists in predicting drug absorption and distribution. For example, a drug with a high partition coefficient is likely to be well absorbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preformulation studies determine the properties of drug substances to enhance formulation design, ensuring drug stability and efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methods include using co-solvents, salt formation, particle size reduction, and inclusion complexes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical parameters include particle size, density, solubility, and melting point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BCS classification categorizes drugs based on solubility and permeability, helping to predict their absorption and bioavailability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, determined using methods like saturation solubility and equilibrium solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angle of repose assesses the flowability of powders, while densities include bulk density and tapped density, which assess the compactness of powders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The partition coefficient indicates a drug’s distribution across two phases, while the ionization constant (pKa) indicates the pH at which the drug exists in ionized and non-ionized forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissolution is the process of a solute dissolving in a solvent, while angle of repose measures the maximum angle of a pile of granular material before it collapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical parameters include pH, stability, reactivity, and solubility of drug substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preformulation studies involve evaluating the physical and chemical properties of drug substances to design effective dosage forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These factors influence drug absorption, bioavailability, and therapeutic effectiveness in solid dosage forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Properties include solubility, stability, melting point, and polymorphism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Particle size affects the dissolution rate and bioavailability, while shape influences flowability and packing of solid forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preformulation applications include optimizing drug delivery, improving solubility, and enhancing stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preformulation refers to the investigation of a drug's physical and chemical properties prior to formulating it. Key parameters include solubility, stability, and compatibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers