Indus Valley Civilization: Harappa, Bronze Age

• Introduction of Indus Valley Civilization

Other names

• Harappa Civilization, Bronze Age Civilization
• First Urban Civilization, Saraswati Civilization, Egyptian Civilization

Discovery

• First discovered in 1826 by Charles Masson
• In 1856, the Burton brothers informed the government about the Harappa civilization

Time period

• 2500 BC - 1750 BC
• First attempt was made by Marshall

Oldest city

• Bhirrana (Haryana)
• Largest city is Rakhigarhi, discovered in 2014, and is 7500 BC old

Area

• 12,99,600 square kilometers (1.3 million square kilometers)

Shape

• Triangular

Society

• Matriarchal

Script

• Pictorial (undecipherable)

Worship

• Pashupati, Matradevi, Goddess of fertility

Occupation

• Import and Export

Division of Indus Valley Civilization

• Divided into 2 mounds
• The western mound was smaller and the eastern mound was larger
• Dholavira was divided into 3 mounds

Directions

• North: Manda (Chenab River)
• South: Daimabad (Pravara River, a tributary of Godavari isn't near)
• East: Alamgirpur (Hindon River)
• West: Sutkagendor (Dasht River)

Indus Valley Civilization Sites

• Harappa: discovered in 1921, located on the Ravi River, by Dayaram Sahni, in Pakistan, with John Marshall as President
• Mohenjodaro: discovered in 1922, located on the Indus River, by Rakhal Das Banerjee, in Pakistan
• Chanhu-daro: discovered in 1934, located on the Indus River, by Majumdar, in Pakistan
• Dholavira: discovered in 1967-68, located on the Luni River, by R.S. Bisht/J.P. Joshi, in Gujarat
• Lothal: discovered in 1954, located on the Bhogva River, by S.R. Rao, in Gujarat
• Banawali: discovered in 1974, located on the Saraswati River, by R.S. Bisht, in Haryana
• Kalibangan: discovered in 1953, located on the Ghaggar River, in Rajasthan by, Amalanand Ghosh/B.B. Lal/B.K. Thapar
• Rupar: discovered in 1953, located on the Sutlej River, in Punjab, by Y.D. Sharma
• Rakhigarhi: discovered in 1963, located on the Ghaggar River, in Haryana
• Surkotada: discovered in 1964, located on the Shadi Kaur River, in Gujarat, by J.P. Joshi

Pakistan

• Amri, Kot Diji, Allahdino, Ganeriwala are located in Pakistan
• Ganeriwala is the largest site

Haryana

• Balu, Bhagwanpura, Mitathal, Kunal are located in Haryana

Rajasthan

• Balathali and Karanpura are located in Rajasthan

Gujarat

• Desalpur, Pabumath, Kuntasi, Rangpur, Malvan sites are located in Gujarat.

Uttar Pradesh

• Sanauli, Hulas, Mandi are located in Uttar Pradesh

Punjab

• Bada and Dhadhera are located in Punjab

Harappa

• City built on the grid system
• Located in a 5 km perimeter
• Evidence of burying the dead
• Cemetery is called R-37
• Evidence of cotton cultivation
• Knowledge of single cultivation
• Security Wall "Mount-AB" (Teeler)
• Seal making

Mohenjo Daro

• Meaning "mound of the dead"
• Garden of the Indus Valley
• Most population and the second largest site
• Large granary, the largest building
• Large swimming pool
• Twin capital of Harappa

Swastika Symbol

• Evidence of woven cloth
• Evidence of waterproofing, seal with a unicorn figure
• Bearded Mahadev, Pashupati deity
• Bronze statue of a dancing girl, using the lost-wax casting technique

Chanhu-daro

• Factory for making beads, discovered by Macke
• Curved bricks, paw prints of a cat chasing a dog
• Makeup kit (kajal, lipstick)
• Inkwell
• Only city without a protective wall
• Evidence of handicraft production

Lothal

• Miniature Mohenjo-daro
• Conscious of cleanliness
• Trading city
• Port (dockyard)
• Evidence of horse bones
• Evidence of chess games
• Three joint burials
• Seal from Mesopotamia made of elephant ivory.
• Husk of rice
• Manchester of Harappan civilization

Kalibangan

• Meaning "black bangles"
• Evidence of plowed fields and bangles
• Wooden plow
• Havankund (fire altars)
• Bones of camel
• Evidence of earthquake
• Wooden drain
• Evidence of cremation
• Ivory Comb

Dholavira

• Water management System
• Evidence of Tsunami
• Evidence of Stadium

Surkotada

• Remains of horses, elephants, wild buffalo
• Stone fortifications

Banawali.

• Ivory comb, barley grains
• Clay plough (toy replica)

Vedic Civilization

Early Vedic Period

• 1500-1000 BC
• Rig Vedic Period

Later Vedic Period

• 1200-600 BC
• Use of iron
• Antarjikheda

General Information

• Both vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets were common
• Houses were generally constructed
• Four classes: scholars, priests, warriors, traders, laborers
• Decline due to floods or climate change
• Measurement was in multiples of 16
• Approximately 400 glyphs found in Harappan script

Arrival of Aryans

• Aryans gave birth to this system
• First use of the word "Arya“
• आर्य का अप meaning noble
• Max Muller: Central Asia
• Boghajkoi inscription - 1400 BC
• Edward Meyer - Pamir Plateau

Harappan Sites and Excavators

• Harappa, excavated by Daya Ram Sahni in 1921, situated on the Ravi River in Punjab, Pakistan
• Mohenjo-daro, excavated by Rakhal Das Banerjee in 1922, situated on the Indus River in Sindh, Pakistan
• Kalibangan, excavated by Brij Basi Lal in 1953, situated on the Saraswati River in Rajasthan
• Lothal, excavated by Ranganath Rao in 1957, situated on the Bhogva River in Gujarat
• Sutkagendor, excavated by Arin Stein in 1927, situated on the Dasht River in Balochistan
• Chanhu-daro, excavated by N.G. Majumdar in 1931, situated on the Sindh River in Sindh, Pakistan
• Rupar, discovered by Swaroop Vats in 1931, situated on the Sutlej River in Punjab
• Kotdiji, excavated by Fazl Ahmad in 1953, situated on the Indus River in Sindh, Pakistan
• Alamgirpur, excavated by Yagya Dutt Sharma in 1958, situated on the Hindon River in Uttar Pradesh
• Degalpur, excavated by K.V. Soundararajan in 1964, situated on the ancient stream of the Saraswati River in Gujarat
• Mitathal, exhumed by Armuman in 1968
• Surkotada, excavated by Jagat Pati Joshi in 1968, situated near Gujarat
• Banawali, excavated by Rabindra Singh Bisht in 1973, situated on the Saraswati River in Haryana
• Manda, excavated by Jagat Pati Joshi and Madhu Bala in 1982, situated on the Chenab River in Jammu
• Dholavira, excavated by Rabindra Singh Bist in 1990-91, situated on the seasonal stream of the Luni River in Gujarat
• Bhagwanpura, excavated by Jagat Pati Joshi, situated On the bank of the Saraswati river in Haryana
• Rakhi Garhi, exhumed by Bhurjman, situated in Haryana

Archeological finds

• (i) Wooden plant emerging from the womb of a woman, seals of plough blades, images on which wheat, barley, hare, etc. are pictured.
• (ii) Ivory balance, measuring balance, wax molds, wheel of the bullock cart of Pashupati era .
• (iii) Fire Altar, Scalloped brick from the handloom, ploughed field.
• (iv) Proof of the cultivation of rice and millet, Flour grinding chucky Shadi Badargh.

Chapter - A

A "Archaeology and ancient India."

• "The story of initial cities :- Archeology of "Harappa civilization"

1) Why is the Sindh valley known as "Harappa Civilization"?

Ans:- The primary recognition of Harappa name city has come through excavations, in `Sindh' valley civilized Harappan city , thus it is called "Harappa civilization".

3) What is Archeology?

Ans:- Is a science which is hidden in knowledge related to the human life and knowledge of the earth and is able to obtain ancient knowledge from historical monuments.

Ans.3 :- Scientific dating

• With what scientific process can the date of a city's archeological site be determined ?
• There is a carbon scientist method of method ,which explains the ratio of amount for any alive living. The content of carbon is living matter "C -14", but living entity or destruction of life in C-14 being lost Is based on which calculating the age of the existing method was invented in 1946 by "Libby."

4 ) Write about "The great Bath" of Mohan Jo Daro?

• Ans:- " the great Bath" was a site primarily for religious ceremonies where people would convene or get together to bathe. Around it were "Motu's walls", stairs, and rooms made with bricks where these ceremonies took place in the form of bathing pool or bath with the length of "39 feet or 23 feet and with eight feet height. -Write in detail detail about detail about " "the great Bath".

5 ) Mention about detail about detail about "" the great " of "Mohan Jo Davo".

Ans:- "The people related to civilization build a massive "Godown" or an "Anagar" to store the grain . This usually takes '46 meters and 23 miters in with area and the system to circulate wind was also very organized . Besides of this system of land was equally in use through is foundation land/base was built

6) Write about "Harappai Scrip"t"?.

• Ans:- Harappie Script was a "sensory picturesque" script were the symbol and depiction would have been drawn in "picture" form and it was like this for this form of reading and explanation was easy easily accessible to everyone it was read from left to was written on right side

7 )"Harappan' civilization- write about it the history".

• Ans:- Of Harappan civilization "area "is 94600 square km . Its expansion of that in history from north to Jammu south to Narmada was from East to that its to west east west was 1600 kms and to that from north to south 400 kms wide . 

8 ) "Civilization of and was a city" What was it way

Ans:- City 'civilization in "hereditary history" was in form of a town it had planned city structure in that street's buildings etc was systematic Here well's had a large system

• Ans: In this civilized world streets roads were built and constructed in a proper systematic way

9) "Write main component"" .

Ans -"Harappie civilization they would stay in large cities and those city structures where well organized

• In the olden"" golden cities were named: a)-1) Lodhal d"-2) Mohan Jo Dado c)-3 kalibanga In the olden days the structures were built systematic

10) Weren't Harappan's farmers the main trade

• Ans:- Harappan were farmer's and traders in the cities from the trading side they reaped wheat and cultivated barley, Bull , Dog . etc and traded these animals were there and and there in the forms made pots/ vessels earthen land play things/ toy

11 )What are texts"?

• Ans:- On Stones & Slats the historical monuments , the things that were written and "calligraphy," were called texts
• From the historical documents we some sort of data of kingdom and the system their the ruler ruled and what all deeds that ruler did.

12) Technique for weigh and measure to write?

Ans:- -Harappan society measured the measurement by weigh there 150 weights form the smaller weights"is 8.87 the grams ."" the ratio for units are 16 and

• There various numbers

12). Write about minerals & trade of "Hadappai society”."."?

• Ans."Haruppi societies has lots of interest and their trade and business - The the internal and external Their through" waterway""Haruppi city" was to to do trade activities and was considered main hub where trade was done"

14) Why it is called bronze era civilization Harappan civilization " .

• Ans. "Harappan' Civilization known for mixing materials and getting a new material."

15) A little something about "harauppie"s. ""seals"?" Seals were?

1. Of Harappan civilization they would construct seals through. "Shellkhud"."" It would have be created with animal inscriptions.

About 16."Haruppai' civilization.

• Ans. "Haruppi society" was known for its "Sculpting and carving & construction of forts temples""Sculpture" was made out of Baked clay in the Haruppi Civilization . And their many sculptures related to gods

Long Type Questions:-

"9 ).Haruppi community." And moral living"" of ""people" .

-And the economic situation .. ""The Harapuis living""? -Ans: 1.- "Haruppie community"" Were both vegetable and animal . The had a mix "" society

• Were Fond of makeup etc And they also ""had ""various forms"" of dancers ""singers "" and other form of artists"

About religious life"" in "Haruppie "civilization". .

• "They worshipped ""God" """And were of worship earth earth and also were religious ""to animals""". "Were theworshipy as gods""". "Their"" Is well known as God in living"": And they love and had ""deep feelings "" for"" for animal for ""snake”."" and all ""of ""of what animal"

Economic life in "Harappic civilization

"- "Was primarily was ""based on animal and ""trade and farming".

"10) About sources of studying history of india "

• There various types of historical means and source from we can study the about India

(i) "Vedas" :-

• Through all "vedas" we can lots of study the history of ""India”""And obtain information in that regards"

(ⅱ).Write about Puranas"":-

• From it" the Puranas":"""Puranas is easy to and obtain about ""the story" of the ""history ""of india". We

A little about the ""empire " of ""Mauryan "" ?

• By analyzing "Mauryan" "time"" empire we can find that that "Chandran upta Maurya"''s empire can also be obtained from their. So there were "4 kinds:"" 1. - "That ""part of india '"" that touch"" that had"

3.(iii)"Great Epic"" the"

From ""Ramayam"" and"" the Mahahbharatanes "" can ""obtain"" the"" the past "".""of the""India""" Write

(IV)" Description of foriegner" -Fahyan in India. Ibn Battats Mega-Mastu . Abul "fazol . Also wrote great deeds ""history""""

The about "Inscriptions”.

• We also got very valuable historical text and information"