Induced Fit and Ligand Binding
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Questions and Answers

Which molecule binds to hemoglobin and decreases its affinity for oxygen?

  • CO2
  • H+
  • 2,3-BPG (correct)
  • O2

    • What is the effect of carbamylation on hemoglobin?

  • It decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide
  • It increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
  • It increases the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide
  • It decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (correct)

    • What is the pH in the tissues where hemoglobin reacts with CO2?

  • 6
  • 7.6
  • 4
  • 7.2 (correct)

    • What is the pH in the lungs where HbCO2- is converted to HbO2?

    <p>7.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecule responsible for the resistance of fetal hemoglobin to 2,3-BPG action?

    <p>2,3-BPG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Aggregation of deoxygenated hemoglobin S into polymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about protein function?

    <p>Proteins function by interacting with other molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a molecule bound reversibly by a protein called?

    <p>Ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a specific site on a protein where a ligand binds called?

    <p>Binding site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reversible binding of ligands to proteins?

    <p>Affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In multisubunit proteins, conformational changes in one subunit can affect the others. What is this phenomenon called?

    <p>Cooperativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heme prosthetic group in myoglobin and hemoglobin composed of?

    <p>Fe2+ (ferrous) and protoporphyrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein binds carbon monoxide (CO) 20000 times tighter than oxygen (O2)?

    <p>Myoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid in myoglobin does not directly bind to Fe2+ but helps stabilize the O2 binding to Fe2+?

    <p>His64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of hemoglobin?

    <p>Transport of O2 from lungs to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state of hemoglobin is more stable when O2 is not present?

    <p>T state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon called when the affinity of a protein for O2 varies with local pO2?

    <p>Cooperativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pH difference between lungs and metabolic tissues affect the efficiency of O2 transport?

    <p>Increases efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antibody is the most abundant in the blood?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of an IgG antibody?

    <p>Two heavy chains and two light chains composed of constant domains and variable domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antibodies in the immune response?

    <p>To target and recognize extracellular pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of antibodies in the immune response?

    <p>Antibodies bind to antigens and trigger phagocytosis by macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assay allows the rapid screen and quantification of an antigen in a complex sample?

    <p>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of sickle cell anemia on human health and resistance to malaria?

    <p>It worsens human health and decreases resistance to malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which globin protein is responsible for binding oxygen in the muscles?

    <p>Myoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for the fraction of binding sites occupied by a ligand?

    <p>q = [PL] / ([PL] + [P])</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for the dissociation constant Kd?

    <p>Kd = 1 / Ka</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the partial pressure of O2 at which 50% of the available binding sites are occupied?

    <p>It represents the concentration of O2 at which half of the binding sites are occupied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for the fraction of binding sites occupied by a ligand when the ligand is a gas expressed in terms of partial pressures?

    <p>q = p50 + pO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dissociation constant Kd for the interaction between avidin and biotin?

    <p>1 x 10^-15 M</p> Signup and view all the answers

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