Individual Differences in Language Learning
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Questions and Answers

What primary cognitive approach did the author lean towards when dealing with the situation at the airport?

  • An emotional approach focused on feelings
  • A left-brain approach focusing on logic and practicality (correct)
  • A balanced approach between logical and emotional responses
  • A right-brain approach emphasizing creativity

    • What does the term 'cognitive style' refer to in the context of problem-solving?

  • A temporary approach influenced by current moods
  • A strict set of rules for learning environments
  • A method for memorizing information
  • A characteristic way of processing information and addressing problems (correct)

    • How is 'learning style' defined in the content?

  • As stable indicators of a learner's traits in educational contexts (correct)
  • As a set of skills that can be acquired through practice
  • As an innate ability to adapt to various learning environments
  • As a fixed method for processing emotional information

    • What factor is emphasized as mediating between emotion and cognition during language learning?

    <p>Learning style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about learning styles and personality does the content suggest?

    <p>Learning styles are always influenced by personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of having a reflective learning style?

    <p>It is typically associated with a reflective mood or personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do some researchers question about learning styles in adults?

    <p>The stability of these styles as traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the author's airport experience, which communicative strategy was primarily employed?

    <p>Nonverbal gestures and presumed cognates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do some studies suggest about field independence (FI) in relation to classroom learning?

    <p>FI is associated with analysis, attention to details, and mastering focused activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major challenge mentioned regarding the measurement of field independence (FI) and field sensitivity (FS)?

    <p>The primary measure of FI does not assess other perceptual skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis posits that Field Sensitivity (FS) leads to the successful acquisition of communicative aspects of a second language?

    <p>FS contributes to language acquisition through empathetic interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism has been made regarding the construct of FI/FS?

    <p>Linguists have raised concerns about its empirical support and measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has NOT been identified as a successful learning outcome associated with FI?

    <p>Success in empathy-driven group activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there limited empirical support for the claim that FS enhances language acquisition?

    <p>There are no appropriate measurement tools for FS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What recommendation has been suggested to address the issues surrounding FI/FS measurement?

    <p>Developing new measurement tools and reconceptualizations of FI/FS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assumption is being challenged regarding the relationship between FI and FS?

    <p>An L2 learner can fully express one trait without any influence from the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of high ambiguity intolerance (AI) in language learning?

    <p>It fosters a rigid and dogmatic mindset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ambiguity tolerance (AT) benefit language learners?

    <p>By allowing learners to accept and process contradictory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An optimal level of ambiguity intolerance can help learners by:

    <p>Providing a framework for organizing necessary facts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested by studies regarding learners with high ambiguity tolerance?

    <p>They perform slightly better in some language tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome is most likely from excessive ambiguity tolerance?

    <p>Accepting many diverse ideas without critical evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might hinder creativity during language learning related to ambiguity intolerance?

    <p>Excessive structuring of thoughts and ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive effect can excessive ambiguity intolerance lead to?

    <p>An overly selective perception of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language learning, what does 'wishy-washiness' refer to?

    <p>An approach that accepts every proposition without discernment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a compartmentalizer in the context of learning a second language?

    <p>Seeing things in distinct categories without nuances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is suggested for helping students improve reading efficiency?

    <p>Promoting the idea of moving on without pausing for definitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which thinking style is associated with potentially making impulsive decisions without thorough consideration?

    <p>Impulsive thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research indicates that children who are conceptually reflective tend to have which advantage in reading?

    <p>Fewer errors in reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do impulsive readers typically have over reflective readers?

    <p>Faster reading speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge is presented by the measurement of reflectivity and impulsivity in cognitive functioning?

    <p>Reliability of tests is dependent on visual aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to studies, which reasoning style has been shown to be more effective in reflective persons?

    <p>Inductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tends to distinguish systematic thinkers from impulsive thinkers?

    <p>Careful consideration of all aspects before acting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes left-brain processing in language learning?

    <p>Analyzing linguistic systems and their rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of field sensitivity in language processing?

    <p>Reading through layers of meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ambiguity intolerance manifest in language learners?

    <p>By questioning and clarifying misunderstood information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reflectivity in language processing emphasize?

    <p>Sorting through complex linguistic information over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes code-switching in advanced learners?

    <p>It occurs subconsciously between learners with the same first language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of learner styles being preferred approaches?

    <p>They allow learners to adapt to various contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a compensatory strategy?

    <p>Directly asking a proficient speaker for clarification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of cultural background in learning styles?

    <p>It can influence the reflection of learning styles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly defines ambiguity tolerance?

    <p>Transcending complex language perceived as challenging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of strategies categorized by Oxford’s meta-strategies?

    <p>They focus solely on grammar acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates impulsivity from reflectivity in language processing?

    <p>Impulsivity encourages taking linguistic risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between learning strategies and communication strategies?

    <p>Learning strategies pertain to receptive skills, while communication strategies focus on producing language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might early stage learners code-switch?

    <p>To replace vocabulary that they have not yet acquired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language acquisition strategies, which term describes the act of using a bilingual dictionary app?

    <p>Compensatory strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge of teaching certain compensatory strategies?

    <p>Learners tend to use them subconsciously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the research of the last four decades primarily push towards?

    <p>A unified theory of language learning strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Individual Differences in Language Learning

    • Polish-born Magdalena is fluent in 4 languages (Polish, English, Spanish, and Italian) and can "get by" in two others.
    • She's highly extroverted, interested in cultures, musically inclined, and voracious reader.
    • Magdalena speaks Spanish often, with her identity tied to this language.
    • She's a teacher and marketing agent.

    Historical Background of SLA (Second Language Acquisition)

    • Researchers recognized individual variation in language learning by the 1970s.
    • Certain learners succeed regardless of teaching methods.
    • Attributes of successful language learners were identified (taking charge of learning, experimentation with language, chunking, effective memory techniques).
    • Effective learners use "strategies".

    Learning Styles

    • Individual differences in language acquisition are multi-faceted and challenging to model.
    • Learning styles are consistent intellectual/emotional tendencies.
    • Some styles include field independence vs. dependence (ability to perceive details vs. a whole), impulsivity vs. reflectivity, and left-brain vs. right-brain dominance.
    • Ambiguity tolerance vs. intolerance shows the degree of comfort with inconsistent or contradictory information.

    Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Styles

    • Preferences for visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning inputs vary.
    • Successful learners often use multiple modalities.

    Learning Strategies

    • Strategies are techniques used to enhance language learning.
    • Strategies are contextualized and vary with individuals and learners.

    Strategic Self-Regulation (S2R)

    • S2R is conscious application of self-regulatory techniques.
    • Includes awareness, setting goals, monitoring performance, and use of strategies.
    • Self-regulated learners are actively involved in the learning process.

    Compensatory Strategies

    • Compensatory strategies are used to offset learning difficulties or weaknesses.
    • Examples include avoidance, circumlocution, approximation, use of nonverbal cues, and code-switching.
    • Language learners' strengths are often tied to their strategies.

    Cross-Cultural Issues

    • Language learning varies across cultures.
    • Effective strategies in one culture may not be in another.
    • Teachers and language learners should be mindful of cultural contexts.

    Measurement of Learning Strategies

    • Self-check questionnaires and inventories are tools to measure learning strategies.
    • Tools gauge learners' preferences, strengths and weaknesses, and propensities/abilities. (example: Oxford's Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL)).

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    Related Documents

    Chapter 5: Individual Differences PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the unique factors that influence second language acquisition, focusing on personal attributes and learning styles. It highlights how variables like extroversion, cultural interest, and cognitive strategies affect language learning success. Delve into the historical background and individual differences that shape the language learning experience.

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