Indigenous Issues: Historical and Contemporary

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary goal of residential schools in Canada?

To assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture.

What does the term 'Sixties Scoop' refer to?

The large-scale removal of Indigenous children from their homes and communities into the child welfare system.

Define intergenerational trauma and how it applies to Indigenous communities.

Intergenerational trauma is trauma that is passed down through generations when it is not addressed and it can normalize harmful behaviors.

Besides the obvious, what was a major focus for students during their time at residential schools?

<p>Manual labour such as sewing, laundry, farming, and carpentry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the consequences of poor water management on Indigenous reserves?

<p>Contaminated water, leading to health issues, water advisories and restrictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of environmental racism that Indigenous communities experience?

<p>Exposure to chemicals, toxins, unsafe water, and being forced to live near unsafe environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the traditional style of education in Indigenous communities before colonization?

<p>Observation, practice, group socialization, oral teachings by the elders and community ceremonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Truth and Reconciliation process?

<p>To establish a mutually respectful relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples and to remove inequalities that have been implemented over generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the red handprint over the mouth symbolize in the context of MMIW?

<p>The silencing of Indigenous women and girls, from media and law enforcement, and the oppression they are facing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly explain the difference between cultural appreciation and cultural appropriation.

<p>Appreciation is learning about a culture with respect while appropriation is taking aspects of a culture for personal gain, often with a loss of the original context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of how the method of 'cause of effect' is used in writing.

<p>A writer could explain how a specific event is directly responsible for another situation. For example the result of poor sleep on a person's mood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the stylistic technique of 'oxymoron' and give a brief example?

<p>An oxymoron is the combination of two contradictory words. Example: 'bittersweet'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using 'logos' as a method of appeal in persuasive writing or speech?

<p>Logos appeals to logic and reason by using facts, data, statistics, and rationality to convince the audience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of MMIW, what systemic belief enables perpetrators to commit violence against Indigenous women and girls?

<p>Perpetrators believe that they can get away with committing violence against Indigenous women and girls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'narrative' development help make a point in writing?

<p>Narrative uses storytelling techniques to engage the reader, and establish a point or argument.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how using the stylistic technique of 'foreshadowing' can impact a written work?

<p>Foreshadowing creates suspense and anticipation by hinting at future events, creating a sense of inevitability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Residential Schools

Forcibly removing Indigenous children from their homes and families to attend government-run schools aimed at assimilating them into European Canadian culture.

Sixties Scoop

The large-scale removal of Indigenous children from their families and communities in the 1960s, often placed in foster care with non-Indigenous families.

Intergenerational Trauma

The long-term effects of trauma passed down through generations, impacting the overall well-being of Indigenous communities.

Clean Water Crisis

The lack of access to safe and clean drinking water in many Indigenous communities due to factors like damaged infrastructure and poor waste management.

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Environmental Racism

Policies and practices that disproportionately expose Indigenous communities to environmental hazards, like polluted water and toxic sites, due to their proximity to these hazards.

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Lack of Access to Education

The systematic suppression of Indigenous knowledge and traditions through forced assimilation policies, leading to a lack of access to post-secondary education and funding.

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The Indian Act

A legal framework designed to control and assimilate First Nations into European Canadian culture, impacting their traditional practices, governance, and economic opportunities.

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UNDRIP (United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples)

A framework of rights and rules that ensures the self-determination and wellbeing of Indigenous peoples, promoting their cultural and economic sustainability.

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Cultural Appropriation

A concept that describes the lack of respect and understanding when borrowing elements from another culture for personal gain or interest. This can involve taking cultural traditions, art, or language without proper acknowledgment or permission, leading to the distortion of original meaning and potential harm to the cultural group.

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Cultural Appreciation

This refers to a respectful and mindful approach to learning about another culture. It involves seeking knowledge from authentic sources, acknowledging the cultural context, and avoiding any actions that might be considered insensitive or disrespectful.

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Pathos

A type of persuasive writing that aims to convince the audience by appealing to their emotions. It involves using vivid language, stories, or imagery to evoke feelings of empathy, fear, joy, or sadness.

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Logos

A type of persuasive writing that aims to convince the audience using logic and reason. It involves using facts, statistics, evidence, and logical arguments to support a claim.

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Ethos

A type of persuasive writing that aims to convince the audience by highlighting the credibility and trustworthiness of the speaker or writer. It involves using professional titles, qualifications, and testimonials to build authority.

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Simile

A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things using words like 'like' or 'as'.

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Metaphor

A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things without using words like 'like' or 'as'.

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Hyperbole

A figure of speech that uses exaggeration for emphasis or humor.

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Study Notes

Residential Schools

  • Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their homes and families to attend residential schools.
  • Assimilation was forced, including prohibitions on Indigenous languages, traditional clothing, and cultural practices.
  • Abuse (physical, sexual, and psychological) was rampant.
  • Poor nutrition and healthcare standards contributed to high mortality rates among students.
  • The schools primarily focused on manual labor skills, like sewing, laundry, farming, and carpentry.

Sixties Scoop

  • The "Sixties Scoop" involved the large-scale removal of Indigenous children from their homes and communities.

Intergenerational Trauma

  • Trauma and lack of support for those experiencing it can negatively affect future generations.
  • Harmful behaviors can become ingrained and normalized within families.

Economic Issues

  • Food security and affordability are ongoing concerns on Indigenous reserves.

Clean Water

  • Access to clean drinking water is a critical issue for many Indigenous communities.
  • Water contamination from damaged infrastructure (pipelines) is common.
  • Water advisories (DNU, DNC, BWA) are frequently implemented.

Environmental Racism

  • Indigenous communities face disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards due to policies that place them near unsafe environments.
  • Exposure to chemicals, toxins, and unsafe water contributes to health problems.

Education

  • Indigenous communities often face barriers to education, including limited access to post-secondary education.
  • Funding for Indigenous post-secondary education in Ontario is inadequate and challenging to access.
  • Traditional Indigenous education emphasized observation, practice, socialization, oral teachings, and community ceremonies.

Living Conditions

  • Poor ventilation, damaged windows, and overcrowding are common in Indigenous communities.
  • Increased susceptibility to illness, injury, and death, such as in house fires, is a significant concern.
  • First Nations are at significantly higher risk (ten times) of dying in a house fire compared to other groups.

Truth and Reconciliation

  • Efforts to establish respectful relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada.
  • Reconciliation seeks to address historical injustices and create a more equitable future.
  • Aims to remove systemic inequalities.

The Indian Act

  • The Indian Act was used to assimilate First Nations into Euro-Canadian culture.
  • It restricted cultural practices and governance.
  • Women were excluded from band councils.
  • Created the "permit system" to control First Nation work and jobs.

MMIWG (Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls)

  • The "Highway of Tears" highlights the ongoing crisis of missing and murdered Indigenous women, mainly young women.
  • Many cases go unsolved.
  • The "red hand print over a mouth" represents the silenced voices of thousands of Indigenous women and girls.

Appropriation vs. Appreciation

  • Appreciation involves learning about another culture respectfully, using authentic sources.
  • Appropriation involves taking aspects of another culture for personal gain, while devaluing its original context.

Methods of Development (in writing)

  • Narrative, Cause and Effect, Comparison and Contrast, Example, Process Analysis, Description, Analogy.

Stylistic Techniques

  • Alliteration, Metaphor, Simile, Irony, Hyperbole, Imagery, Foreshadowing, Oxymoron.

Methods of Appeal

  • Ethos (credibility), Pathos (emotion), Logos (logic).

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