Indications and Methods of Prenatal Diagnosis Quiz

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Which method involves changing genes in eggs, sperm, or very early embryos?

Germline engineering (correct)
Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats
Gene Editing by CRISPR/CAS9
Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

What is the inheritable nature of germline genetic modification?

The modified genes will skip a generation
The modified genes will only appear in the next generation
The modified genes will not be expressed in any future generations
The modified genes will appear in all succeeding generations (correct)

What does PGD stand for in the context of genetic profiling of embryos?

Pre-Germinal Diagnosis
Prenatal Genetic Detection
Post-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis
Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (correct)

Which technology allows cutting-and-pasting a desired 'code' in the gene?

Gene Editing by CRISPR/CAS9 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do the initials 'CRISPR' stand for?

Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition could potentially be corrected using germline engineering?

Cystic fibrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in embryo profiling?

To profile genetic characteristics before embryo implantation (B) Signup and view all the answers

'Cas9' in CRISPR-Cas9 technology stands for what?

'CRISPR-associated protein 9' (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of transferring the altered DNA fragments into the cell?

To provide a template for the HDR process to fix the DNA cut (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge posed by mosaicism in gene editing?

It is difficult to predict the health effects of having a mix of corrected and uncorrected cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the technique used by researchers to eliminate mosaicism in genome editing?

Injecting the CRISPR-Cas9 machinery into embryos at very early stages of development (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the new problem created by the technique of editing the genome at the single-cell stage?

It becomes impossible to distinguish between embryos that carry the genetic disease and those that do not (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of creating 'designer babies' through genetic modification?

Longer life (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the HDR process in the context of gene editing?

It looks for a template to fix the cut in the DNA strand (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of removing and testing a small number of cells from the embryo in gene editing?

To assess the health and viability of the embryo (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using the CRISPR-Cas9 system for genome editing in embryos?

It eliminates the risk of mosaicism in the resulting cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Cas9 protein in gene editing?

To make cuts or breaks in the DNA strand at a specific location (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the cell repairs the cut made by the Cas9 protein?

The cell has a natural tendency to repair the broken DNA strand (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential issue with 'off-target' cuts made by the Cas9 protein?

They could result in health problems, such as cancer (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of supplying the desired DNA sequence during the gene editing process?

To bind with the broken DNA strand and replace the removed sequence (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential issue with the 'on-target but unwanted' DNA changes during gene editing?

They could be caused by the unpredictable nature of the cell's repair processes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'non-homologous end joining' repair process mentioned in the text?

To delete some DNA letters at the cut site, potentially shutting down gene expression (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the RNA snippet in the CRISPR-Cas9 system?

To guide the Cas9 protein to a specific site in the genome (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of 'off-target' cuts made by the Cas9 protein in DNA sequences similar to the target?

They could result in changes to genes that suppress tumor growth, leading to cancer (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of prenatal diagnosis?

To identify chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common indication for prenatal diagnosis?

Maternal history of weight loss (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which prenatal diagnostic procedure is used to analyze the fetal chromosomes?

Amniocentesis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of in vitro fertilization (IVF)?

The term "in vitro" refers to the process being carried out in the laboratory (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which prenatal diagnostic procedure involves the analysis of fetal DNA?

Chorionic villus sampling (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common indication for prenatal diagnosis?

Family history of a congenital heart defect (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which prenatal diagnostic procedure is used to measure fetal proteins and hormones?

Maternal serum screening (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which prenatal diagnostic procedure is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus?

Ultrasonography (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of homology-directed repair in the context of genome editing?

To correct genetic defects by providing a template for the desired DNA sequence (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Human Genome Project in the context of genome editing?

It provided the complete DNA sequence of humans, allowing for targeted editing (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the HDR (homology-directed repair) mechanism in genome editing?

It replaces the defective part of the DNA based on a provided template (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the HDR mechanism ensure accurate repair of the DNA?

It generates multiple DNA fragments that match the area around the breakage and replaces the adjacent area as well (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential concern associated with genome editing in the human germ line?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the protein complex involved in the HDR mechanism?

It acts as a DNA glue, joining the free ends of the DNA strands and replacing the adjacent area (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to replace the adjacent area around the breakage during the HDR process?

To ensure accurate repair, as the area around the breakage could also be damaged (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the ability to read the complete DNA sequence of humans?

It enables the identification and targeting of specific genetic regions for editing (A) Signup and view all the answers