Indications and Methods of Prenatal Diagnosis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which method involves changing genes in eggs, sperm, or very early embryos?

  • Germline engineering (correct)
  • Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats
  • Gene Editing by CRISPR/CAS9
  • Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

    • What is the inheritable nature of germline genetic modification?

  • The modified genes will skip a generation
  • The modified genes will only appear in the next generation
  • The modified genes will not be expressed in any future generations
  • The modified genes will appear in all succeeding generations (correct)

    • What does PGD stand for in the context of genetic profiling of embryos?

  • Pre-Germinal Diagnosis
  • Prenatal Genetic Detection
  • Post-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis
  • Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (correct)

    • Which technology allows cutting-and-pasting a desired 'code' in the gene?

    <p>Gene Editing by CRISPR/CAS9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the initials 'CRISPR' stand for?

    <p>Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition could potentially be corrected using germline engineering?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in embryo profiling?

    <p>To profile genetic characteristics before embryo implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Cas9' in CRISPR-Cas9 technology stands for what?

    <p>'CRISPR-associated protein 9'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of transferring the altered DNA fragments into the cell?

    <p>To provide a template for the HDR process to fix the DNA cut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge posed by mosaicism in gene editing?

    <p>It is difficult to predict the health effects of having a mix of corrected and uncorrected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique used by researchers to eliminate mosaicism in genome editing?

    <p>Injecting the CRISPR-Cas9 machinery into embryos at very early stages of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the new problem created by the technique of editing the genome at the single-cell stage?

    <p>It becomes impossible to distinguish between embryos that carry the genetic disease and those that do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of creating 'designer babies' through genetic modification?

    <p>Longer life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the HDR process in the context of gene editing?

    <p>It looks for a template to fix the cut in the DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of removing and testing a small number of cells from the embryo in gene editing?

    <p>To assess the health and viability of the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using the CRISPR-Cas9 system for genome editing in embryos?

    <p>It eliminates the risk of mosaicism in the resulting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Cas9 protein in gene editing?

    <p>To make cuts or breaks in the DNA strand at a specific location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the cell repairs the cut made by the Cas9 protein?

    <p>The cell has a natural tendency to repair the broken DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential issue with 'off-target' cuts made by the Cas9 protein?

    <p>They could result in health problems, such as cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of supplying the desired DNA sequence during the gene editing process?

    <p>To bind with the broken DNA strand and replace the removed sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential issue with the 'on-target but unwanted' DNA changes during gene editing?

    <p>They could be caused by the unpredictable nature of the cell's repair processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'non-homologous end joining' repair process mentioned in the text?

    <p>To delete some DNA letters at the cut site, potentially shutting down gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the RNA snippet in the CRISPR-Cas9 system?

    <p>To guide the Cas9 protein to a specific site in the genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of 'off-target' cuts made by the Cas9 protein in DNA sequences similar to the target?

    <p>They could result in changes to genes that suppress tumor growth, leading to cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of prenatal diagnosis?

    <p>To identify chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common indication for prenatal diagnosis?

    <p>Maternal history of weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prenatal diagnostic procedure is used to analyze the fetal chromosomes?

    <p>Amniocentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of in vitro fertilization (IVF)?

    <p>The term &quot;in vitro&quot; refers to the process being carried out in the laboratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prenatal diagnostic procedure involves the analysis of fetal DNA?

    <p>Chorionic villus sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common indication for prenatal diagnosis?

    <p>Family history of a congenital heart defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prenatal diagnostic procedure is used to measure fetal proteins and hormones?

    <p>Maternal serum screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prenatal diagnostic procedure is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus?

    <p>Ultrasonography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of homology-directed repair in the context of genome editing?

    <p>To correct genetic defects by providing a template for the desired DNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Human Genome Project in the context of genome editing?

    <p>It provided the complete DNA sequence of humans, allowing for targeted editing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the HDR (homology-directed repair) mechanism in genome editing?

    <p>It replaces the defective part of the DNA based on a provided template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the HDR mechanism ensure accurate repair of the DNA?

    <p>It generates multiple DNA fragments that match the area around the breakage and replaces the adjacent area as well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential concern associated with genome editing in the human germ line?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the protein complex involved in the HDR mechanism?

    <p>It acts as a DNA glue, joining the free ends of the DNA strands and replacing the adjacent area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to replace the adjacent area around the breakage during the HDR process?

    <p>To ensure accurate repair, as the area around the breakage could also be damaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the ability to read the complete DNA sequence of humans?

    <p>It enables the identification and targeting of specific genetic regions for editing</p> Signup and view all the answers

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