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Questions and Answers
What was the actual growth rate during the Third Plan (1961 - 66)?
What was the actual growth rate during the Third Plan (1961 - 66)?
Which of the following factors contributed to the failure of reaching targets during the Third Plan?
Which of the following factors contributed to the failure of reaching targets during the Third Plan?
What was a major focus during the Three Annual Plans (1966-69)?
What was a major focus during the Three Annual Plans (1966-69)?
What slogan was introduced in 1971 during the Fourth Plan?
What slogan was introduced in 1971 during the Fourth Plan?
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What is a critical component for the success of any economic reform strategy?
What is a critical component for the success of any economic reform strategy?
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What aspect of agriculture has not diversified significantly in India's economic sectors?
What aspect of agriculture has not diversified significantly in India's economic sectors?
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What effect might reductions in commercial bank credit to agriculture have?
What effect might reductions in commercial bank credit to agriculture have?
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How does agricultural liberalization impact small and marginal farmers?
How does agricultural liberalization impact small and marginal farmers?
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What is a major area of the economy that still requires reform, according to the content?
What is a major area of the economy that still requires reform, according to the content?
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What consequence might arise from fiscal compression policies on infrastructure development?
What consequence might arise from fiscal compression policies on infrastructure development?
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Which of the following is NOT listed as a factor affected by economic liberalization in agriculture?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a factor affected by economic liberalization in agriculture?
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What unintended consequence of economic reforms may pressure small farmers into seeking off-farm employment?
What unintended consequence of economic reforms may pressure small farmers into seeking off-farm employment?
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What trend is observed in life expectancy at birth from 1991 to 2018?
What trend is observed in life expectancy at birth from 1991 to 2018?
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Which of the following shows the most significant decline in infant mortality rate from 1991 to 2018?
Which of the following shows the most significant decline in infant mortality rate from 1991 to 2018?
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What is the maternal mortality ratio estimated in 2018?
What is the maternal mortality ratio estimated in 2018?
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What factor has contributed to high levels of disease and malnutrition in poorer states?
What factor has contributed to high levels of disease and malnutrition in poorer states?
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Which demographic group is primarily affected by health-related problems according to the content?
Which demographic group is primarily affected by health-related problems according to the content?
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Which statistic indicates the highest fertility rate in the provided data?
Which statistic indicates the highest fertility rate in the provided data?
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Which year had the lowest recorded infant mortality rate?
Which year had the lowest recorded infant mortality rate?
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What change in life expectancy is observed for females from 1991 to 2018?
What change in life expectancy is observed for females from 1991 to 2018?
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What was the main focus of the Plan prepared by C Rangarajan?
What was the main focus of the Plan prepared by C Rangarajan?
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What was one of the targets of the Twelfth Plan?
What was one of the targets of the Twelfth Plan?
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What was a reason for the diminished significance of the Planning Commission in the 1990s?
What was a reason for the diminished significance of the Planning Commission in the 1990s?
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What was a criticism of the centralized planning approach in India?
What was a criticism of the centralized planning approach in India?
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What was one of the goals set for energy efficiency by the end of 2016-17?
What was one of the goals set for energy efficiency by the end of 2016-17?
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What issue arose from the Planning Commission's top-down approach?
What issue arose from the Planning Commission's top-down approach?
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What was a poverty-related target of the Twelfth Plan?
What was a poverty-related target of the Twelfth Plan?
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What change was suggested as necessary for the Planning Commission's structure?
What change was suggested as necessary for the Planning Commission's structure?
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What is the primary objective of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin)?
What is the primary objective of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin)?
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Which employment program has seen an upward trend in budget allocation over the last four years?
Which employment program has seen an upward trend in budget allocation over the last four years?
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What significant outcome has been observed in women's financial inclusion between 2005-06 and 2015-16?
What significant outcome has been observed in women's financial inclusion between 2005-06 and 2015-16?
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What does the Navodaya Vidyalaya Scheme aim to achieve?
What does the Navodaya Vidyalaya Scheme aim to achieve?
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What is the main goal of the Samagra Shiksha scheme launched by the Department of School Education?
What is the main goal of the Samagra Shiksha scheme launched by the Department of School Education?
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Which initiative was designed to enhance learning outcomes for teachers and school heads?
Which initiative was designed to enhance learning outcomes for teachers and school heads?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the financial situation of women in India?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the financial situation of women in India?
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What role does the Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing (DIKSHA) platform serve?
What role does the Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing (DIKSHA) platform serve?
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Study Notes
India's Five Year Plans: A History
- First Plan (1951-56): Primarily focused on agriculture, aiming to increase food production and improve rural infrastructure.
- Second Plan (1956-61): Shifted emphasis to industry, leading to a significant increase in prices (30%) compared to the First Plan (13% decrease).
- Third Plan (1961-66): Targeted 5.6% growth but achieved only 2.84%. Aimed to create a self-reliant economy with agriculture as a key sector. However, unforeseen events like the Sino-Indian War (1962) and Indo-Pakistani War (1965) disrupted progress.
- Three Annual Plans (1966-69): Focused on agriculture due to a food shortage following the Third Plan. Introduced new strategies like high-yielding seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation.
- Fourth Plan (1969-74): Targeted 5.7% growth but achieved only 3.3%. Emphasis on agriculture continued with the "Garibi Hatao" (Eradicate Poverty) slogan.
- Fifth Plan (1974-79): Aimed for 4.4% growth and achieved 3.8%. Key objectives were poverty reduction and self-reliance. Ended prematurely in 1978 due to the Janata Party government taking power.
- Two Sixth Plans (1978-83): The Janata government presented a plan but was replaced by Congress in 1980, leading to a new plan with different objectives.
India's Twelfth Plan (2012-2017)
- Focused on "Faster, More Inclusive, and Sustainable Growth"
- Aimed for 8% growth and a 10% reduction in poverty rate compared to the Eleventh Plan
- Prioritized gender equality and social inclusion in education
- Targeted significant reduction in child malnutrition.
- Emphasized environmental sustainability with a focus on increasing green cover and renewable energy sources.
Planning Commission's Shift to NITI Aayog
- The Planning Commission initially played a crucial role in India's economic development.
- Its significance declined in the 1990s due to economic liberalization and globalization
- Due to criticism of a centralized approach, there was a growing need for states to have greater involvement in planning.
- The Planning Commission was replaced by NITI Aayog as a think tank to facilitate cooperative federalism and to provide strategic direction.
Impact of Liberalization on Agriculture
- Despite economic liberalization, the agricultural sector witnessed slower diversification.
- The liberalization process impacted agricultural exports and imports, income, employment and investment in technology.
- The reduction in commercial bank credit to agriculture due to reforms was a concern.
- The liberalization process led to increased competition in resource use and agricultural marketing, putting pressure on small and marginal farmers.
India's Social and Economic Challenges
- Economic reforms have only partially addressed India's challenges.
- Many sectors continue to grapple with legacy issues, inadequate infrastructure, and bureaucratic hurdles.
- The poor disproportionately suffer from health and poverty-related issues, with high infant mortality, maternal mortality, fertility rates and child malnutrition.
- Despite progress, India faces significant challenges in improving sanitation and water supply, particularly in poorer states
India's Development Initiatives
- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) played a pivotal role in connecting rural areas, improving livelihoods.
- Government prioritizes rural housing through Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin).
- Employment programmes like MGNREGS have received significant investment in recent years.
Financial Inclusion of Women
- Financial inclusion is seen as a key tool for women's empowerment.
- India has made significant progress in increasing women's access to bank accounts over the past decade.
School Education Programs
- The Integrated Scheme for School Education, Samagra Shiksha, aims to enhance quality of education.
- It subsumes three earlier schemes: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA), and Teacher Education (TE).
- Navodaya Vidyalaya Scheme aims to identify and nurture talent in rural areas.
- NISHTHA initiative focuses on improving teacher and school leader skills.
- The Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Program (DHRUV) encourages talented students.
- The Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing (DIKSHA) platform promotes technology-driven learning.
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Description
Explore the evolution of India's Five Year Plans from the First Plan in 1951 to the Fifth Plan in 1979. Each plan had distinctive goals, focusing on agriculture, industry, and self-reliance in response to various challenges. Test your knowledge on the strategies, achievements, and historical contexts of these significant economic plans.
