History of India Post-Independence Class 12

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established in 1969 with the aim of developing space technology for national development.

Dr. M.S. Swaminathan is widely acknowledged for his pivotal role in spearheading the Green Revolution in India. His research and initiatives led to increased food production and alleviated food scarcity in the country.

Sam Pitroda is regarded as the pioneer of the Information Revolution in India. His contributions were instrumental in shaping the Indian IT industry and laying the foundation for digital infrastructure.

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) was launched in 2009. It guarantees 100 days of wage employment in a year to every rural household whose adult member volunteers for unskilled manual work.

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and political organization of eight South Asian countries. Its secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Informal education refers to learning that happens outside of formal educational institutions like schools or colleges. It can be through personal experiences, interactions with family and friends, or community activities. It encompasses the knowledge and skills gained through everyday life experiences.

Amul is a popular brand of dairy products in India. It is a cooperative movement that revolutionized the dairy industry in India. Amul is known for its quality products and its iconic advertising campaigns.

The White Revolution, also known as Operation Flood, was a significant effort to increase milk production in India. It was launched in the 1970s and involved the development of dairy cooperatives and the introduction of modern dairy technologies.

Kargil Vijay Diwas is celebrated on July 26th every year to commemorate India's victory in the Kargil War against Pakistan in 1999.

The Right to Information (RTI) act empowers citizens to access information from public authorities. It aims to promote transparency and accountability in governance and public services.

The Gujral Doctrine proposes that India should focus on building friendly relations with its neighboring countries, especially Pakistan. It emphasizes non-interference in each other's internal affairs and resolving disputes through dialogues. It aims to create a stable and cooperative environment in the region.

The 1965 war between India and Pakistan was a major conflict that erupted over the issue of Kashmir. It was a short but intense war, marked by heavy artillery exchanges and air strikes. After a ceasefire was declared, the war ended with no significant territorial changes for either side.

The 'Green Revolution' in India refers to the rapid increase in agricultural productivity during the 1960s and 1970s. This was achieved by introducing high-yielding varieties of crops, improved irrigation techniques, and use of fertilizers and pesticides. It transformed India's agricultural landscape and helped achieve self-sufficiency in food production.

The White Revolution is a term used to describe the significant increase in milk production in India. This was driven by the introduction of new dairy breeds, improved breeding techniques, and the establishment of cooperative dairy societies. The White Revolution helped make India self-sufficient in milk and made it a global leader in dairy production.

The National Food Security Act, 2013 introduced a legal framework for providing subsidized food grains to a significant portion of the Indian population. It aims to address food insecurity and malnutrition by guaranteeing subsidized rice, wheat, and coarse grains to eligible beneficiaries.

The Minimum Needs Program (MNP) was a set of programs introduced in the 1970s to address basic social needs in India. It included programs for education, health, housing, and sanitation. The MNP aimed to improve the quality of life and address poverty by focusing on essential services and infrastructure.

The New Economic Policy of 1991 was a set of economic reforms designed to open up the Indian economy to global markets and attract foreign investment. It involved deregulation, privatization, and liberalization of trade and industry. This policy aimed to boost economic growth, generate employment, and improve living standards.

The Right to Education Act (RTE) of 2009 aims to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of 6 and 14 years. It makes education a fundamental right and mandates that schools provide free and quality education to all children, irrespective of their background.

The Aadhaar Card is a biometric identification card issued by the Government of India. It contains a unique 12-digit identification number linked to the individual's biometric data, such as fingerprints and iris scans. It is widely used for various government and non-government services.

The 1986 National Education Policy aimed to improve the quality and accessibility of education in India. It focused on developing a holistic education system that emphasized values, critical thinking, and innovation. It promoted a common school system, encouraged vocational training, and aimed to make education more relevant to the needs of the society.