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Questions and Answers
Which type of perception involves the mind?
Which type of perception involves the mind?
What is the primary characteristic of perception in Indian logic and epistemology?
What is the primary characteristic of perception in Indian logic and epistemology?
What is the primary characteristic of verbal testimony in Indian logic and epistemology?
What is the primary characteristic of verbal testimony in Indian logic and epistemology?
What is the primary characteristic of comparison in Indian logic and epistemology?
What is the primary characteristic of comparison in Indian logic and epistemology?
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Which source of knowledge involves the absence of perception?
Which source of knowledge involves the absence of perception?
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Which source of knowledge involves logical reasoning and deduction?
Which source of knowledge involves logical reasoning and deduction?
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What is the main difference between sensory perception and mental perception?
What is the main difference between sensory perception and mental perception?
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What is the primary characteristic of non-perception in Indian logic and epistemology?
What is the primary characteristic of non-perception in Indian logic and epistemology?
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What is the primary implication of non-perception of what is not perceptible?
What is the primary implication of non-perception of what is not perceptible?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of verbal testimony in Indian logic and epistemology?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of verbal testimony in Indian logic and epistemology?
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What is the primary distinction between sense perception and mental perception?
What is the primary distinction between sense perception and mental perception?
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Which type of verbal testimony is considered authoritative and infallible?
Which type of verbal testimony is considered authoritative and infallible?
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What is the primary characteristic of inference in Indian logic and epistemology?
What is the primary characteristic of inference in Indian logic and epistemology?
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Which of the following is a type of non-perception?
Which of the following is a type of non-perception?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of inference?
Which of the following is NOT a type of inference?
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What is the primary characteristic of comparison in Indian logic and epistemology?
What is the primary characteristic of comparison in Indian logic and epistemology?
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What is the relationship between perception and non-perception?
What is the relationship between perception and non-perception?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Vedic testimony?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Vedic testimony?
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What is the primary purpose of inference in Indian logic and epistemology?
What is the primary purpose of inference in Indian logic and epistemology?
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Study Notes
Indian Logic and Epistemology
Perception (Pratyakṣa)
- Direct and immediate experience of an object through senses
- Considered a reliable source of knowledge
- Two types:
- Sensory perception (indriya-pratyakṣa): through senses (e.g. seeing, hearing)
- Mental perception (manasa-pratyakṣa): through mind (e.g. introspection)
Verbal Testimony (Śabda)
- Knowledge acquired through words or language
- Includes scriptures, teachings of experts, and testimony of trustworthy individuals
- Considered a reliable source of knowledge, but only if the speaker is trustworthy and the statement is free from contradictions
Non-perception (Anupalabdhi)
- Knowledge acquired through the absence of perception
- E.g. knowing that there is no fire in a room because there is no smoke
- Considered a reliable source of knowledge, but only in certain contexts
Comparison (Upamāna)
- Knowledge acquired through comparison or analogy
- E.g. understanding an unfamiliar word by comparing it to a familiar one
- Considered a reliable source of knowledge, but only if the comparison is valid and relevant
Inference (Anumāna)
- Knowledge acquired through logical reasoning and deduction
- E.g. inferring the presence of fire because of smoke
- Considered a reliable source of knowledge, but only if the reasoning is sound and free from flaws
Note: These five sources of knowledge (perception, verbal testimony, non-perception, comparison, and inference) are commonly recognized in Indian logic and epistemology, particularly in the Nyāya and Vaiśeṣika schools.
Indian Logic and Epistemology
Sources of Knowledge
-
Perception (Pratyakṣa)
- Direct and immediate experience of an object through senses
- Reliable source of knowledge
- Two types:
- Sensory perception (indriya-pratyakṣa): through senses (e.g. seeing, hearing)
- Mental perception (manasa-pratyakṣa): through mind (e.g. introspection)
Verbal Testimony (Śabda)
- Knowledge acquired through words or language
- Includes scriptures, teachings of experts, and testimony of trustworthy individuals
- Reliable source of knowledge, but only if:
- Speaker is trustworthy
- Statement is free from contradictions
Non-perception (Anupalabdhi)
- Knowledge acquired through the absence of perception
- Example: knowing there is no fire in a room because there is no smoke
- Reliable source of knowledge, but only in certain contexts
Comparison (Upamāna)
- Knowledge acquired through comparison or analogy
- Example: understanding an unfamiliar word by comparing it to a familiar one
- Reliable source of knowledge, but only if:
- Comparison is valid
- Comparison is relevant
Inference (Anumāna)
- Knowledge acquired through logical reasoning and deduction
- Example: inferring the presence of fire because of smoke
- Reliable source of knowledge, but only if:
- Reasoning is sound
- Reasoning is free from flaws
Indian Logic and Epistemology
- Indian logic and epistemology recognize five valid means of knowledge (pramana)
Non-Perception (anupalabdhi)
- Absence of perception or failure to perceive something
- Two types: non-perception of what is perceptible and non-perception of what is not perceptible
Verbal Testimony (sabda)
- Knowledge obtained through words or language
- Two types: Vedic testimony (authoritative and infallible) and secular testimony (ordinary language and communication)
Perception (pratyaksha)
- Direct and immediate knowledge obtained through the senses
- Two types: sense perception (five senses) and mental perception (mind or introspection)
Inference (anumana)
- Knowledge obtained through reasoning and logical deduction
- Three types: purvavat (general principle or rule), sesavat (specific instance or example), and samanyatodrsta (universal principle or law)
Comparison (upamana)
- Knowledge obtained through analogy or similarity
- Involves identifying similarity between two things and inferring a conclusion
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Description
Learn about Indian Logic and Epistemology, focusing on Perception and Verbal Testimony, including sensory and mental perception, and knowledge acquired through words and language.
