24 Questions
What was the first step suggested for the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Surrender of titles awarded by the government
Why were many within the Congress hesitant about the proposed movement?
They feared it might lead to popular violence
What compromise was reached at the Congress session in Nagpur in December 1920?
Adoption of the Non-Cooperation programme
Why was foreign cloth boycotted during the movement?
It symbolized Western economic and cultural domination
Why did students and teachers start trickling back to government schools during the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Lack of alternative Indian institutions to replace British ones
What was one of the key demands of the peasant movement led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh?
Reduction of revenue and abolition of begar
How did the Non-Cooperation Movement spread beyond cities to the countryside?
By including the struggles of peasants and tribals
What action did the movement led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh take against oppressive landlords?
Social boycott
What was the impact of non-cooperation movement on the economic front?
Boycott of foreign goods
Why did the council elections see participation in Madras despite the boycott in most provinces?
The Justice Party wanted to gain some power not accessible to non-Brahmans
Why did the non-cooperation movement eventually slow down in the cities?
Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth
What led to an increase in production of Indian textile mills and handlooms during the movement?
People began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones
What was the role of Jawaharlal Nehru in the organization of the Awadh Kisan Sabha?
He was one of the founding members.
What action did local leaders tell the peasants to take based on Gandhiji's supposed declaration during the peasant movement?
Stop paying taxes and redistribute land among the poor.
In what region did Vallabhbhai Patel lead a peasant movement against enhancement of land revenue?
Bardoli
How did the Congress react to the forms that the peasant movement developed into in 1921?
They were unhappy with the movement's direction.
What was the nature of the guerrilla movement that spread in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh in the early 1920s?
Militant guerrilla movement not approved by the Congress
How did Jawaharlal Nehru describe the peasant's behavior during the incident near Rae Bareli?
Brave, calm, and unruffled
What did Nehru feel when his 'blood was up' near Rae Bareli?
He felt overwhelmed with anger and violence
Why did the tribal peasants in the Gudem Hills interpret Gandhi's message in a way that led to a militant guerrilla movement?
As a response to violent government actions
What was one of the key demands of the peasant movement led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh?
Rights for tenants to own the land they cultivated
How did Baba Ramchandra's experience as an indentured laborer in Fiji influence his leadership in the peasant movement in Awadh?
He understood the struggles of laborers and used that empathy to lead a movement against oppressive landlords
During the peasant movement in Awadh, what was the significance of demanding a reduction of revenue from the landlords?
To ease the financial burden on the peasants
How did the peasant movement led by Baba Ramchandra address the issue of tenants' lack of security of tenure?
By seeking legal protection for tenants' rights over leased land
Study Notes
- The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in India in January 1921.
- Various social groups participated, each with their own specific aspirations for Swaraj (self-rule).
- Middle-class participation occurred in cities, leading to the boycott of government-controlled schools, colleges, and council elections.
- Economic effects were significant, with import of foreign goods decreasing, and production of Indian textiles increasing.
- In the countryside, peasant struggles against landlords and talukdars spread the movement.
- Peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar (forced labor), and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
- Activities included nai-dhobi bandhs (boycotts of services to landlords) and attacks on talukdars and merchants' houses.
- Congress struggled to control the movement's forms, as some actions did not align with their nonviolent ideals.
- Mahatma Gandhi's message of Swaraj was interpreted differently by tribal peasants, leading to militant guerrilla movements.
- Alternative Indian institutions were slow to develop, causing students and teachers to return to government schools and lawyers to join work in government courts.
- Jawaharlal Nehru played a role in the Awadh peasant struggle, setting up the Oudh Kisan Sabha (Peasant Association) in 1920.
- The Non-Cooperation Movement eventually integrated the Awadh peasant struggle into the wider movement.
- Peasants and tribals responded to Gandhiji's call for Swaraj for various reasons, including economic exploitation and desire for self-rule.
Learn about the key events of the Indian Independence Movement in 1920, including the surrender of government titles, boycotts of various institutions, civil disobedience campaigns, and the mobilization of popular support by Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali.
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