Indian Independence Movement

Ideology

• A set of beliefs, values, and ideals shared by a group or nation
• Deeply ingrained in the social consciousness
• Provides principles, a framework for action, and a guidance system
• Gives order and meaning to life and human action
• Emphasizes certain principles, ideals, and a plan for the future
• Reviews existing political, social, and economic arrangements to create consciousness
• Can legitimize or delegitimize actions and philosophies
• Provides a nation with direction and a worldview, and its implementation is the responsibility of the people

Ideology of Pakistan

• An evolutionary process shaped by historical experience, philosophical explanation, political reality, and legal sanction
• The base is Allama Iqbal’s philosophical explanation, Quaid-i-Azam's practical implementation and the 1949 Objectives Resolution
• Arose from the South Asian Muslims' realization of their distinctiveness from Hindus
• Separate electorates were demanded to protect their identity
• Sought a separate state due to the perceived unsafety of their future in a Hindu-dominated "Democratic India"
• Stemmed from the Muslim community's instinct to maintain individuality in Hindu society
• Islam and Hinduism are not only religions but two social orders producing distinct cultures
• Differences between Hindus and Muslims extend beyond political struggles and manifest in social order clashes
• Distinct cultures are maintained with different eating habits, music, architecture, and script, despite prolonged co-existence
• Muslim nationhood was based on shared Islamic faith, not territory, race, language, or ethnicity
• The majority Muslim areas should form a sovereign state where life could be ordered according to the Holy Quran and Sunnah

Evolution of the Two-Nation

• Muslims a nation is a concept existing prior to Pakistan's establishment
• Pakistan was a product of this concept
• Muslim nationalism emerged with Islam's advent, introducing principles relevant to all life aspects
• Redemption of humankind is pledged through establishing a society founded on Qur'anic teachings
• Attributed to the 1st Indian who accepted Islam
• Arab traders introduced Islam in Indian coastal areas
• Muhammad bin Qasim was the first Muslim invader who conquered parts of India
• Mahmud of Ghazna launched 17 attacks, opening the gate to preach Islam
• Muslim Sufi saints presented the teachings of Islam, rejecting Indian vices and converting many
• Qutub-ud-Din Aibak established the Muslim dynasty of India, followed by Sultanate and Mughal dynasties
• Emergence of a strong Muslim community with its way of life, traditions, heroes, history, and culture
• Islam could not assimilate into Hinduism, as attempts like Deen-e-llahi and Bhakti movements faced resistance by Muslim ulama seeking purity and preservation
• Equality and justice inspired conversions
• Industrial, scientific, and military advantages led the British to overcome Muslim rulers
• The War of Independence (1857) had shattering setbacks for Indian Muslims, held responsible by the British

Role of Hindus to keep Muslims into the backwardness

• One motivation which paved the way to declare Muslim Nationalism
• Muslim scholars sought to reform Islamic law and promote its implementation
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) guided and awakened his community well in time
• His education drive, the Ali-Garh movement, proved to be the means of social mobility for the Muslim gentry colonial rule
• The Indian National Congress was established in 1885, initiating the Indian nationalist movement under British rule
• The Congress aided the British rule
• Sir Syed Advised Muslims not to join with fear of Hindu domination
• Espoused by All-India Muslim League was found in 1906 which demanded a seperate state for Muslims of India.
• Western political lines of Ali-Garh movement are key to modern education and non-political activity
• The All India Muslim League, founded in Dhaka, aimed to promote loyalty to the British
• All India Muslim League was founded to advance the interests of the Muslims in India and to protect their political rights.
• The concept of 'separate electorates' was dawn a new day for the Indian Muslims.
• There are 2 major nations in British India.
• The Muslims are not community but a nation with a distinct history, heritage, culture, civilization, and future aspirations

Muslim distinct identity

• To preserve and protect distinct identity
• Wanted to order lives in accordance with ideals without overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority
• They wanted safeguards, constitutional guarantees, and a federal system for protection and advancement
• British & Hindu not wiling to cooperate & willing to offer those safeguards Hindi-Urdu Controversy
• Hindu revivalist movements were against the Muslims
• Nationalism forced Muslims to politically organize to defend themselves politically
• 1857, Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the assault by the Hindus on Muslim legacy
• Hindus wanted to replace Urdu with Hindi as the official language in 1906
• Muslims' language biased Urdu
• On the very issue, Sir Syed foretold about the unity of Hindus and Muslims that is unstable
• Sir Syed said that Muslims should be loyal to the law & implement equality

Muslim Nationalism

• Manifested with the principles to implement like:
  • Rule of Law
  • Socio-economic justice
  • Equity and fair play
  • Equality of opportunity to all citizens
    • Irrespective of caste
    • Sect
    • Religion
    • Region
  • Religious & cultural tolerance
  • Respect for human dignity & rights
  • Protection for non-Muslim freedom & the right to practice their beliefs & religions

Allama and Quaid about Ideology

• The Muslims identity the development of Muslim identity and 2 nation theory Quaid-i-Azam & Allama Iqbal
• Muslim goals to protect, promote identity
• Shape lives in accord without being overwhelmed majority
• Adopt constitution safeguards from british treatment against majority with the cruel Hindus
• They set the goal of a separate state

Leadership roles put nation on the way

• Good leadership
• To ensure awareness
• Consciousness
• Mobilization
• Sense of direction & defense
• Against adversaries
• Muslims were competent leadership Muhammad All Jinnah
• M. A. Jinnah was a leader who changed the course of history
• He had a visionary leadership
• Commitment to political capacity ROLE OF JINNAH
• A decisive role in articulating and pursuit strong opposition through Hindus and British.
• Political career by joining Indian National Congress (INC)
  • He was elected legislative Council in 1909 & joined All Indian Muslim League (AIML) in 1909
• Having disagreement with Ghandi on the issues of Swaraj resigned from congress in 1902
• Efforts to promote Hindu-Muslims were materialized when the Muslims demands were accepted and Hindus signed
• Separate Electorate
• One-third seats in Central Legislature
• Protection of minority rights
• In the 1929 Nehru report, the muslim rights were ignored.
• Used "The muslims are a NATION" for Muslims on Feb 1935
• Combination of religion, music made a separate entity in March 1936, Bombay
• Muslims could arrive at a settlement with Hindus
• Muslims & Hindus are 2 nations

Speeches 1940

• Jinnah believed the force that united the muslims was Islam
• dynamic force
• overcome present crisis
• Guidance & inspiration for constitution & governance
• Equality of citizens, rights, freedoms to religion ALLAMA IQBAL , the philosophical vision of a separate Muslim state
• Consicious in lives muslim with islam significance
• Presented the poem Nala-i-Yatim
  • ideas initially nationalistic in his poetry
• Critique of societal conditions
• Educated in Europe
• knew all aspects of western culture
• criticized captitalism
• materialism
• spiritualism

IQBAL Focus of Muslims

• The belief that Islam will keep Muslims safe and salvages them Islam as dynamic
• Meet challenges Spiritualization
• Reinterpretation The Allahbad Address, Muslim League session, December 1930 said that: "Islam's destiny will be of Northwest India"

Aligarh movement

• British believed Muslims were responsible for the War of Independence
• Muslims were subjected to merciless revenge and punishment Sir Syed Ahmed Khan changed education by modern methods
• Policy restricted Arabic, Persian with drastic changes
• Disinclination opportunity made community disastrous Sir Syed on horizon had conviction Era of Science & Learning source of the british progress & prosperity.
• Modern orientation in life
• Modern mind
• associated Shibli
• Westernized community created atmosphere for the British & community
• motivate people for western policy

Sir Syed

• The only way for Muslims to prosper 1 create a mutual idea 2 Western Education 3 abstain from politics
• People like:
  • Nawab -Hali advocated cause
• English contributed in the building of college
• 1859-1870 educated them
• Modern in education and policies then later mouthpiece as All India Muslim

Syed Strongly forbade join Congress

• Could no longer live together
• reserved the idea 2 nation theory
• boosted up Muslims the intellectual revolution as a community

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and contributions

• Delhi-born, joined East India Co. and family as well
• SM lkram credited Sir Syed with western contact and state affaris
• grandfather referred him as Jat due to his health
• Brotehrt died, becoming serious to neuroses of life
• 1857 the war happened
• Establish educational institutions, devote work for the people, die to help people, buried to bring Muslims and British closer

Services to muslim: Responsibilities as community criminal of the War.

• Community to rejoin life
• Jinnha and Abib had contribution helping the Indian Muslims.
• Sir Syed had success eradicating misunderstandings between muslim
• Motive and brighter light of the future if they had engaged the Western Muslims save lives During the British

Hindus a subtle situation as criminal

• Muhammad as exiled
• Muslim land
• Property as 3rd
• Sir Syed was wisdom
• Educated the locals
• The pace of time would avoid distaster
• Syed helped both with that
• warned congress of aspirations

Urdu-Hindi Controversy

• Urdu- Hindi started with the Hindu declaration
• tried to save it
• Mulki organized for muslim offense
• muslim has been used for muslim nation
• Muslim in 1883 will override said about progress

Association/Defense for Patriots

• The Hindu association advocated emotions.
• Founding sir syed Association of muslim dec 1893
• Protect muslims political
• Religious right
• Contributed muslim cause

POLITICAL Developments : 1857-1918

• The British held only MUSLIMS responsible for the rebellion.The Muslims were repressed and at the mercy of time -SOME Personalities played great role

Events: 20th Century

• Partition of Benhal 1906
• Simla Deputation
• Muslim League FORMATION
• League MUSLIM Goal CHANGES FORM
• Lucknow Pact-muslim AND Hindu

Partion and other issues

Bengal: 1905

• Bengal had 80 million of population, 189000 MILES

• Lord Cuzeon Decided the administration, suffering MUSLIMS

• East Muslim and West HINDU part

• CONGRESS Joined movement PARTITION

• muslims Happy

• Annulment of Govt

• govt response to the violence

Simla deputation

• Line with right with interests
• Protect and Achieve Objective
• Attempt by Muslims to Demand Seek Acceptance
• Represented viceroy council
• Emphasized historical values and contribution
• 35 Muslim Leaders
• More representation of Muslims in government
• Separate
• Electoral seats in government, universities, boards, etc. Muslim university of Aligarh
• Viceroy Sympathy towards the demand
• Organized muslim platform congress

League Formation

• After succes, formalized muslim in 1906
• created permanent political forum
• Wi Gar chaired All Muslim League
• Salimallah Propose
• 2 Muslim
• Karci constitution approved 7
• 8 Formal March Aligarh

London Justice Ali created Muslim League in 1908

• Response hindu lies Muslim Goals:

• Protection interest and protect Muslim promote

• Cooperation to harm Muslim Fosting

• Developed first decade 20th Century like annuling partition by balkans

• Italian weaken muslim fait in british the policy

League changes brought closer ML,

• 1906 Lucknow pact, muslim unity recognized rights proposal to be approved in Luckinow

• Muslim points :.

Qulad Azom said in 1917 Montagus

Greater govermnent, association. responsible commissions

• Historical.

khilafat

• relgiopolitical restore movement launched to help calpihartical Muslim. Turkey's side
• concern in India for turkey Brothers as help
• Muslims helped in their own caliphate-a symbol as unity

Goals:

• Keep caliphate
• turkey.Terrional together the territory
• Not to Non Muslim

Dimensions:

• Wrings provocative
• Journals play direction
• Allies humiliating turkey! =Protest -Khilat, Nehru partiocpation
• British boycott
• Ali Ansari euro
• Congress collab
• A black law introduced in India
• Persecutre authority not

Bach opened fire

• 376 Human Loss-India tragedies dyer
• congress the session

NONCooperation:

return

• Court
• Government boycott
• Pay refusal

Khilafat Karach July sultan

• Ataturk foreing

Hijrat Movement.

• Dural arab

• Afghanistan

Moblah against brutal even

• Chachiri violent
• Gandhi 22

Attackk restricteed . appointed caused

###League to separate action at separate

• Affirmation religion mobilzing
• Islamic Mobilizin
• No such continued
• Hind Muslim short. Muslim restart

194-1936 Muslim political

• Delhi and Nahru report

• Simon points The leader revived to produce

• Important muslim Leader to discuss with Quaidi the majority

If demands were accepted

• The league in Punjab
• Jinnha league
• Shaiki muslim commission

Nehru Report: Indian constitution was the main objective that threatens muslim were .

• No separate and reserved with census

jinnahs points that federal system , separate vote

• • muslims not reducible ,one -fourth. muslim not affect. islamis civilization
• no unit

Simon commission : the british sought the opinion for constitution and arrangements communial award

Muslim in confernce said about majorites

Jathar conference was dead ramsay commuaward

separate elect all minor Muslim major muslim equal muslims services sind provice.

Poona congress rejected in Ghandi the rights

third discuss dont atnted

govt of India, 1925 . despite the settlemnt muslim trans to end muslim demands to safegaurding complete pakistanm khaliqi and chaudhary politics for all and

• Backgroud for constitution
• islamia Lahore Cambridge Higher joined to Lahore a muslim for muslim

The Pakistan name

Punjab Afgha Kashmir S

Indian cannot maintain seprate life Bengal hyda and -atmosphere

• feb, 57
• long

###1962 Consitution The polocies towards the Muslims

• Elect and government
• Muslim Responce to Hindu People

###Pirpur Report To indimidate League -sharifs investigation with the Muslims

• Haliq for the muslim congress and on muslims to protect the state and security,

3the way with other countries the economy must help us- foreign policy : relations

Alqbal addressed to promote idea

• Iqbal: the minds is of one with islam
• fedrealisim cant succedd to recognize natinality
• territorial on concept help urrmah express idea of Jinnah for Muslim provinces Shariah state freedom
• advise devito

allama :

• Iqbal made address
• helped muslims at time to save their land

1947-1971

• The setting up of Pakistan

• There was problem , the relationship indian and government

• Quaid become governer and jha Prime Ministrer

• All 01 193.

• Constititing El

• East west provinal . assembly

Questions about key events and figures in the Indian independence movement, including the Simon Commission, Roundtable Conferences, the Communal Award, and Rahmat Ali's vision for Pakistan. These topics cover the period of political negotiation and reform efforts leading up to India's independence.